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Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies. 2015
Timothy J Key, and
Paul N Appleby, and
Ruth C Travis, and
Demetrius Albanes, and
Anthony J Alberg, and
Aurelio Barricarte, and
Amanda Black, and
Heiner Boeing, and
H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, and
June M Chan, and
Chu Chen, and
Michael B Cook, and
Jenny L Donovan, and
Pilar Galan, and
Rebecca Gilbert, and
Graham G Giles, and
Edward Giovannucci, and
Gary E Goodman, and
Phyllis J Goodman, and
Marc J Gunter, and
Freddie C Hamdy, and
Markku Heliövaara, and
Kathy J Helzlsouer, and
Brian E Henderson, and
Serge Hercberg, and
Judy Hoffman-Bolton, and
Robert N Hoover, and
Mattias Johansson, and
Kay-Tee Khaw, and
Irena B King, and
Paul Knekt, and
Laurence N Kolonel, and
Loic Le Marchand, and
Satu Männistö, and
Richard M Martin, and
Haakon E Meyer, and
Alison M Mondul, and
Kristin A Moy, and
David E Neal, and
Marian L Neuhouser, and
Domenico Palli, and
Elizabeth A Platz, and
Camille Pouchieu, and
Harri Rissanen, and
Jeannette M Schenk, and
Gianluca Severi, and
Meir J Stampfer, and
Anne Tjønneland, and
Mathilde Touvier, and
Antonia Trichopoulou, and
Stephanie J Weinstein, and
Regina G Ziegler, and
Cindy Ke Zhou, and
Naomi E Allen, and
Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, tim.key@ceu.ox.ac.uk.
BACKGROUND Individual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors. METHODS Principal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets. RESULTS Data were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For α-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). γ-Tocopherol was not associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS Overall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
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Edward Giovannucci, and
Gary E Goodman, and
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Marc J Gunter, and
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Judy Hoffman-Bolton, and
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Mattias Johansson, and
Kay-Tee Khaw, and
Irena B King, and
Paul Knekt, and
Laurence N Kolonel, and
Loic Le Marchand, and
Satu Männistö, and
Richard M Martin, and
Haakon E Meyer, and
Alison M Mondul, and
Kristin A Moy, and
David E Neal, and
Marian L Neuhouser, and
Domenico Palli, and
Elizabeth A Platz, and
Camille Pouchieu, and
Harri Rissanen, and
Jeannette M Schenk, and
Gianluca Severi, and
Meir J Stampfer, and
Anne Tjønneland, and
Mathilde Touvier, and
Antonia Trichopoulou, and
Stephanie J Weinstein, and
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