[ENERGY AND MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE IN FEMALE ATHLETES]. 2015

Laura Bernad Asencio, and Manuel Reig García-Galbis
Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alicante, España.. manuel.reig@ua.es.

Objetive: to determine the adequate intake of macronutrients to improve the nutritional status of women athletes and their sports performance. METHODS a search was performed in four databases: EBSCO, Proquest, Pubmed and OvidSP, using the keywords "protein intake" AND "athletes", "endurance athletes" AND "nutrition". METHODS original articles about protein intake in female athletes, published between 2009 and 2014, and whose source are indexed scientific journals. RESULTS 722 articles were identified, of which only 1.4% were considered to be included. 100% were completed clinical trials and published abroad, 50% in the US. 20% were exclusive studies of female athletes and 80% included men and women in the sample. In 70% of studies female athletes presented energy deficiencies; in protein intake, 70% met the dietary recommendations; carbohydrate intake was inadequate in 90% of clinical trials and in 50% of cases women had a high intake of fat. CONCLUSIONS there is lack about nutrition in female athletes in Europe and internationally. Female athletes consume less energy and macronutrients that male athletes. There is no consensus on the recommended protein range and there are differences in consumption depending on the type of exercise being performed. It is recommended to carry out an agreement between scientific institutions about energy intake and macronutrient in sport, with particular emphasis on women.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D002149 Energy Intake Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. Caloric Intake,Calorie Intake,Intake, Calorie,Intake, Energy
D004040 Dietary Carbohydrates Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277) Carbohydrates, Dietary,Carbohydrate, Dietary,Dietary Carbohydrate
D004044 Dietary Proteins Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. Proteins, Dietary,Dietary Protein,Protein, Dietary
D004435 Eating The consumption of edible substances. Dietary Intake,Feed Intake,Food Intake,Macronutrient Intake,Micronutrient Intake,Nutrient Intake,Nutritional Intake,Ingestion,Dietary Intakes,Feed Intakes,Intake, Dietary,Intake, Feed,Intake, Food,Intake, Macronutrient,Intake, Micronutrient,Intake, Nutrient,Intake, Nutritional,Macronutrient Intakes,Micronutrient Intakes,Nutrient Intakes,Nutritional Intakes
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D012727 Sex Characteristics Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. Gender Characteristics,Gender Differences,Gender Dimorphism,Sex Differences,Sex Dimorphism,Sexual Dichromatism,Sexual Dimorphism,Characteristic, Gender,Characteristic, Sex,Dichromatism, Sexual,Dichromatisms, Sexual,Difference, Sex,Dimorphism, Gender,Dimorphism, Sex,Dimorphism, Sexual,Gender Characteristic,Gender Difference,Gender Dimorphisms,Sex Characteristic,Sex Difference,Sex Dimorphisms,Sexual Dichromatisms,Sexual Dimorphisms
D054874 Athletic Performance Carrying out of specific physical routines or procedures by one who is trained or skilled in physical activity. Performance is influenced by a combination of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. Sports Performance,Athletic Performances,Performance, Athletic,Performance, Sports,Performances, Athletic,Performances, Sports,Sports Performances
D056352 Athletes Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities. College Athletes,Elite Athletes,Professional Athletes,Athlete,Athlete, College,Athlete, Elite,Athlete, Professional,Athletes, College,Athletes, Elite,Athletes, Professional,College Athlete,Elite Athlete,Professional Athlete

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