Effective monitoring of chronic hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO; EPOGEN [epoetin alfa], AMGEN Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) includes an initial evaluation of the patient, the patient's anemia, and the patient's iron stores. Assessment of iron stores includes obtaining hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, reticulocyte count, red cell indices, serum ferritin level, transferrin percent saturation, and the patient's transfusion history. If iron stores are inadequate to support the increased erythropoiesis induced by the therapy, appropriate iron replacement therapy should be provided. Monitoring also involves assessment of BP (and its control), because development or exacerbation of hypertension is the most significant side effect associated with this treatment. Because the dose-response relationship for r-HuEPO therapy has been clearly documented, a target hematocrit and target rate of increase in hematocrit can be established. As anemia improves, continued monitoring of hematocrit, hemoglobin, red cell indices, serum ferritin level, and transferrin percent saturation will ensure that depleted iron stores are noted and treated as necessary. Heparin requirements during dialysis, blood chemistries, and blood access problems should also be monitored. No data currently exist suggesting that dialyzer reuse is compromised by r-HuEPO therapy. Quality-of-life surveys show improvement with r-HuEPO treatment and effective reduction of anemia. There is also some indication that morbidity is lessened and survival improved when anemia is treated with r-HuEPO therapy.