Application of Electrochemical Redox Cycling: Toward Differentiation of Dopamine and Norepinephrine. 2016

Mengjia Hu, and Ingrid Fritsch
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States.

The electrochemical redox cycling behavior of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and their mixture was investigated using coplanar gold microband electrode arrays at four generator-collector gap conditions (4, 12, 20, and 28 μm). This method provides opportunity for differentiating the catecholamines in mixtures by monitoring the current at collector electrodes activated at different distances from generator electrodes. It takes advantage of the ECC' mechanism associated with the electrochemical oxidation of catecholamines, in which DA and NE have rate constants that differ by a factor of 7.5 for the first order intramolecular cyclization (C) following electron transfer (E). Collector electrodes activated at different distances from the generators were used to examine the process of the following chemistry at different time points, because spatial relationships are related to temporal ones through diffusion. Solutions of artificial cerebral spinal fluid containing 50 μM DA, 50 μM NE, and a DA-NE mixture of 50 μM of each were examined. The collection efficiency during redox cycling for NE had a greater dependence on gap width than DA, and the collector current of NE became silent at ∼20 μm. The collector current of the mixture approaches that of DA alone with increasing gap, suggesting that differentiation of DA and NE may be possible. The collector current of the mixture is further affected by the homogeneous reaction (C') between oxidized and cyclized products of DA and NE and drops below that of DA alone. This may be used for differentiation in more complicated chemical systems.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009638 Norepinephrine Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the ADRENAL MEDULLA and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the LOCUS CERULEUS. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. Levarterenol,Levonorepinephrine,Noradrenaline,Arterenol,Levonor,Levophed,Levophed Bitartrate,Noradrenaline Bitartrate,Noradrénaline tartrate renaudin,Norepinephrin d-Tartrate (1:1),Norepinephrine Bitartrate,Norepinephrine Hydrochloride,Norepinephrine Hydrochloride, (+)-Isomer,Norepinephrine Hydrochloride, (+,-)-Isomer,Norepinephrine d-Tartrate (1:1),Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1),Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), (+,-)-Isomer,Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), Monohydrate,Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:1), Monohydrate, (+)-Isomer,Norepinephrine l-Tartrate (1:2),Norepinephrine l-Tartrate, (+)-Isomer,Norepinephrine, (+)-Isomer,Norepinephrine, (+,-)-Isomer
D010084 Oxidation-Reduction A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). Redox,Oxidation Reduction
D004298 Dopamine One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. Hydroxytyramine,3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine,4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol,Dopamine Hydrochloride,Intropin,3,4 Dihydroxyphenethylamine,Hydrochloride, Dopamine
D004566 Electrodes Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum. Anode,Anode Materials,Cathode,Cathode Materials,Anode Material,Anodes,Cathode Material,Cathodes,Electrode,Material, Anode,Material, Cathode
D006046 Gold A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.
D055664 Electrochemical Techniques The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues. Electrochemical Technics,Electrochemical Technic,Electrochemical Technique,Technic, Electrochemical,Technics, Electrochemical,Technique, Electrochemical,Techniques, Electrochemical

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