Administration of polyethylene glycol (PEG, intraperitoneal, 3 ml, 30% solution) to adult male rats (300 g) resulted in an approximately 20% increment in plasma volume (PV) 24 h after PEG injection. When these animals were exercised (9.14 m/min, level treadmill) in a warm (30 degrees C, 30-40% relative humidity) environment, their mean endurance was increased from 67.9 (saline-treated controls, CONT) to 93.6 min (P less than 0.01). Total water loss was increased from 12.2 (CONT) to 17.2 g (PEG, P less than 0.01). Atropine administration (ATR, 200 micrograms/kg, tail vein) significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced both the endurance and the salivary water loss of CONT and PEG-treated rats, whereas it increased the heating rate (P less than 0.01) of both groups. PEG treatment reduced (P less than 0.01) the hematocrit and circulating protein levels both before and subsequent to exercise in the warm environment. Clinical chemical indexes of heat/exercise injury were generally unaffected by pharmacological intervention, whereas clinical chemical responses to exercise were related to the endurance time of each group. We concluded that expansion of PV by PEG provided significant beneficial effects on performance and thermoregulation during exercise in a warm environment.