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Effect of X-ray irradiation on ancient DNA in sub-fossil bones - Guidelines for safe X-ray imaging. 2016
Alexander Immel, and
Adeline Le Cabec, and
Marion Bonazzi, and
Alexander Herbig, and
Heiko Temming, and
Verena J Schuenemann, and
Kirsten I Bos, and
Frauke Langbein, and
Katerina Harvati, and
Anne Bridault, and
Gilbert Pion, and
Marie-Anne Julien, and
Oleksandra Krotova, and
Nicholas J Conard, and
Susanne C Münzel, and
Dorothée G Drucker, and
Bence Viola, and
Jean-Jacques Hublin, and
Paul Tafforeau, and
Johannes Krause
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
Sub-fossilised remains may still contain highly degraded ancient DNA (aDNA) useful for palaeogenetic investigations. Whether X-ray computed [micro-] tomography ([μ]CT) imaging of these fossils may further damage aDNA remains debated. Although the effect of X-ray on DNA in living organisms is well documented, its impact on aDNA molecules is unexplored. Here we investigate the effects of synchrotron X-ray irradiation on aDNA from Pleistocene bones. A clear correlation appears between decreasing aDNA quantities and accumulating X-ray dose-levels above 2000 Gray (Gy). We further find that strong X-ray irradiation reduces the amount of nucleotide misincorporations at the aDNA molecule ends. No representative effect can be detected for doses below 200 Gy. Dosimetry shows that conventional μCT usually does not reach the risky dose level, while classical synchrotron imaging can degrade aDNA significantly. Optimised synchrotron protocols and simple rules introduced here are sufficient to ensure that fossils can be scanned without impairing future aDNA studies.
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