Recent improvements in medical and surgical coronary revascularization techniques have significantly improved outcomes for patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, large infarctions are often followed by a poorly understood process of pathological ventricular remodelling, which fails to return the heart to its premorbid state. Although it remains incompletely understood, there is increasing interest in the role of the immune system in this process. One hypothesis is that released cardiac proteins become the focus of an immune response that results in the formation of functionally significant autoantibodies. This review summarizes the current literature, both human and animal, relating to the formation and clinical relevance of anti-troponin antibodies (ATAs) in patients with MI.