Evaluation of the Sedative Effects of Diazepam, Midazolam, and Xylazine After Intranasal Administration in Juvenile Ostriches ( Struthio camelus ). 2016

Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade

The sedative effects of diazepam, midazolam, and xylazine after intranasal administration were evaluated in 72 (36 male and 36 female) juvenile healthy ostriches ( Struthio camelus ), weighing 50-61 kg and aged 4-5 months. The birds were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 24), then each group was further subdivided to 4 subgroups (n = 6). For each drug, 4 different doses were chosen and the total calculated dose was equally administered into either naris of the individual bird. The appropriate dose of each drug to produce standing chemical restraint or sternal recumbency was evaluated based on the onset time, the duration of maximum effect, and the duration of sedation. Midazolam showed significantly shorter onset time (2.9 ± 1.2 minutes) compared with xylazine (4.4 ± 1 minute) and diazepam (4.3 ± 0.4 minutes). Longer duration of sedation was also achieved with midazolam compared with xylazine and diazepam. Moderate sedation was achieved with diazepam (0.8 mg/kg), midazolam (0.4 mg/kg), and xylazine (2 mg/kg) for standing chemical restraint, with the maximum duration effects of 7.0 ± 1.4, 17.7 ± 4.1, and 9.2 ± 2.5 minutes, respectively. Deep sedation was also achieved with midazolam (0.8 mg/kg) and xylazine (4 mg/kg), with sternal recumbency duration of 21.7 ± 4.9 and 13.5 ± 2.6 minutes, respectively. The results of the present study show that intranasal administration can be an effective route for delivery of sedatives in juvenile ostriches. Intranasal midazolam and xylazine could be suggested for standing chemical restraint or inducing sternal recumbency in juvenile ostriches.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006993 Hypnotics and Sedatives Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. Hypnotic,Sedative,Sedative and Hypnotic,Sedatives,Hypnotic Effect,Hypnotic Effects,Hypnotics,Sedative Effect,Sedative Effects,Sedatives and Hypnotics,Effect, Hypnotic,Effect, Sedative,Effects, Hypnotic,Effects, Sedative,Hypnotic and Sedative
D008297 Male Males
D008874 Midazolam A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. Dormicum,Midazolam Hydrochloride,Midazolam Maleate,Ro 21-3981,Versed,Hydrochloride, Midazolam,Maleate, Midazolam,Ro 21 3981,Ro 213981
D003975 Diazepam A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity. 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one,Apaurin,Diazemuls,Faustan,Relanium,Seduxen,Sibazon,Stesolid,Valium
D004305 Dose-Response Relationship, Drug The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug. Dose Response Relationship, Drug,Dose-Response Relationships, Drug,Drug Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Dose-Response Relationships,Relationship, Drug Dose-Response,Relationships, Drug Dose-Response
D005260 Female Females
D000281 Administration, Intranasal Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa. Drug Administration, Intranasal,Administration, Intranasal Drug,Administration, Nasal,Intranasal Administration,Intranasal Drug Administration,Administrations, Intranasal,Administrations, Intranasal Drug,Administrations, Nasal,Drug Administrations, Intranasal,Intranasal Administrations,Intranasal Drug Administrations,Nasal Administration,Nasal Administrations
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D014991 Xylazine An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE. BAY-Va 1470,Rompun,Xylaxine,Xylazin,Xylazine Hydrochloride,Xylazine Monohydrochloride,Xylazine Phosphate (1:1),BAY Va 1470,BAYVa 1470
D016292 Conscious Sedation A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines) Sedation, Conscious,Sedation, Moderate,Moderate Sedation

Related Publications

Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
June 1986, The Veterinary record,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
March 1994, Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
June 2013, Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
January 2001, The Veterinary record,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
February 2001, The Veterinary record,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
June 2011, Journal of avian medicine and surgery,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
February 2013, Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
June 2009, Journal of avian medicine and surgery,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
April 2001, Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia,
Mostafa Araghi, and Saeed Azizi, and Nasser Vesal, and Bahram Dalir-Naghade
June 2011, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,
Copied contents to your clipboard!