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Pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by inflammatory plaques and pseudomembranes on the colonic mucosa. The disorder most commonly occurs after the use of antibiotics, which allow overgrowth of Clostridium difficile, a spore-forming, gram-positive rod that produces a toxin. Overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus can also produce pseudomembranous colitis. In rare cases, pseudomembranous colitis is not associated with antibiotic use. When C. difficile is present, vancomycin or metronidazole usually produces a prompt response. In idiopathic cases, surgery may be required.
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