Inhibition of Urease by Disulfiram, an FDA-Approved Thiol Reagent Used in Humans. 2016

Ángel Gabriel Díaz-Sánchez, and Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla, and Alejandro Martínez-Martínez, and Luis Aguirre-Reyes, and Jesica Aline Orozpe-Olvera, and Miguel Armando Ramos-Soto, and José Alberto Núñez-Gastélum, and Bonifacio Alvarado-Tenorio, and Laura Alejandra de la Rosa
Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico. angel.diaz@uacj.mx.

Urease is a nickel-dependent amidohydrolase that catalyses the decomposition of urea into carbamate and ammonia, a reaction that constitutes an important source of nitrogen for bacteria, fungi and plants. It is recognized as a potential antimicrobial target with an impact on medicine, agriculture, and the environment. The list of possible urease inhibitors is continuously increasing, with a special interest in those that interact with and block the flexible active site flap. We show that disulfiram inhibits urease in Citrullus vulgaris (CVU), following a non-competitive mechanism, and may be one of this kind of inhibitors. Disulfiram is a well-known thiol reagent that has been approved by the FDA for treatment of chronic alcoholism. We also found that other thiol reactive compounds (l-captopril and Bithionol) and quercetin inhibits CVU. These inhibitors protect the enzyme against its full inactivation by the thiol-specific reagent Aldrithiol (2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide, DPS), suggesting that the three drugs bind to the same subsite. Enzyme kinetics, competing inhibition experiments, auto-fluorescence binding experiments, and docking suggest that the disulfiram reactive site is Cys592, which has been proposed as a "hinge" located in the flexible active site flap. This study presents the basis for the use of disulfiram as one potential inhibitor to control urease activity.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007700 Kinetics The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
D004221 Disulfiram A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide,Alcophobin,Antabus,Antabuse,Anticol,Bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) Disulfide,Dicupral,Esperal,Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic Diamide, ((H2N)C(S))2S2,Teturam,Disulfide, Tetraethylthiuram
D004791 Enzyme Inhibitors Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. Enzyme Inhibitor,Inhibitor, Enzyme,Inhibitors, Enzyme
D013439 Sulfhydryl Reagents Chemical agents that react with SH groups. This is a chemically diverse group that is used for a variety of purposes. Among these are enzyme inhibition, enzyme reactivation or protection, and labelling. SH-Reagents,Sulfhydryl Compound Antagonists,Sulfhydryl Compound Inhibitors,Thiol Reagents,Sulfhydryl Compounds Antagonists,Sulfhydryl Compounds Inhibitors,Antagonists, Sulfhydryl Compound,Antagonists, Sulfhydryl Compounds,Compound Antagonists, Sulfhydryl,Compound Inhibitors, Sulfhydryl,Inhibitors, Sulfhydryl Compound,Inhibitors, Sulfhydryl Compounds,Reagents, Sulfhydryl,Reagents, Thiol,SH Reagents
D014481 United States A country in NORTH AMERICA between CANADA and MEXICO.
D014486 United States Food and Drug Administration An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc. Food and Drug Administration (U.S.),USFDA,Food and Drug Administration,United States Food, Drug Administration
D014510 Urease An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. Phytourease,Urea Amidohydrolase,Amidohydrolase, Urea
D017277 Drug Approval Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. Drug Approval Process,New Drug Approval,Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval,Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process,New Drug Approval Process,Approval Process, Drug,Approval Processes, Drug,Approval, Drug,Approval, New Drug,Approvals, Drug,Approvals, New Drug,Drug Approval Processes,Drug Approval, New,Drug Approvals,Drug Approvals, New,New Drug Approvals,Process, Drug Approval,Processes, Drug Approval

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