Olecranon fractures are common. They are usually managed surgically with open reduction and either tension band wiring or plate fixation. Currently, there are few studies comparing fracture treatments. We aim to review the available literature to guide the orthopaedic surgeon on the management of these fractures. A literature review of peer-reviewed publications in international orthopaedic journals detailing olecranon fracture treatment was conducted. An additional focus was placed on the evidence base for and surgical outcomes of tension band wiring for common two-part fractures. Our novel illustrations aim to educate the reader, and our treatment algorithm provides guidance for management. 10% of all upper limb fractures involve the olecranon, and most are simple two-part injuries. These should be managed with tension band wire constructs. Non-displaced fractures can be treated conservatively. Displaced complex injuries necessitate locking plate fixation. Currently, there exits a lack of studies comparing these treatments. There may be an emerging role for intramedullary nail fixation. Non-operative management in the elderly comorbid patient remains controversial. Prospective, randomised controlled trials of matched patients and fracture patterns comparing operative techniques are needed as there is a lack of level I/II evidence to support the use of one implant over another.