The thyroid nodules represent the most frequent endocrinopathy, because clinically palpable nodules are detectable in 4-5% of the general population. Such pathological condition includes adenomas, carcinoma, intraglandular haematomas or cysts, focal thyroiditis, etc. Fine-needle aspiration cytology allows a correct diagnosis in about 90% of the cases, distinguishing focal thyroiditis from nodular goiter or thyroid malignancies. The new instrumental and cytological studies make the choice for surgical interventions more selective. At the Institution of General and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Milan, 597 patients underwent surgery from 1966 to January 1988. The observed nodular (toxic or non toxic) thyropathies were 498 (83.4%). Cold nodules represented about a third (34%) of the nodular thyropathies. Thyroid carcinomas were 33 (5.6%). This study is aimed to analyze our surgical attitude with respect to nodular thyropathies, the surgical procedures adopted and the observed complications.