Biomaterial Database

Comparative physical dependence studies in rats with flupirtine and opiate receptor stimulating analgesics. 1987

B Nickel, and A Aledter

Biological Research Pharmacology, Homburg Degussa Pharma Gruppe, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.

In physical dependence studies in rats the principle criterion was loss of body weight after withdrawal of the dependence producing drug. Other typical signs of withdrawal were also observed. In contrast to buprenorphine, codeine and tramadol, flupirtine caused no decrease in body weight and no other withdrawal symptoms. Flupirtine does not produce opiate type physical dependence.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D011919	Rats, Inbred Strains	Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.	August Rats,Inbred Rat Strains,Inbred Strain of Rat,Inbred Strain of Rats,Inbred Strains of Rats,Rat, Inbred Strain,August Rat,Inbred Rat Strain,Inbred Strain Rat,Inbred Strain Rats,Inbred Strains Rat,Inbred Strains Rats,Rat Inbred Strain,Rat Inbred Strains,Rat Strain, Inbred,Rat Strains, Inbred,Rat, August,Rat, Inbred Strains,Rats Inbred Strain,Rats Inbred Strains,Rats, August,Rats, Inbred Strain,Strain Rat, Inbred,Strain Rats, Inbred,Strain, Inbred Rat,Strains, Inbred Rat
D011957	Receptors, Opioid	Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.	Endorphin Receptors,Enkephalin Receptors,Narcotic Receptors,Opioid Receptors,Receptors, Endorphin,Receptors, Enkephalin,Receptors, Narcotic,Receptors, Opiate,Endorphin Receptor,Enkephalin Receptor,Normorphine Receptors,Opiate Receptor,Opiate Receptors,Opioid Receptor,Receptors, Normorphine,Receptors, beta-Endorphin,beta-Endorphin Receptor,Receptor, Endorphin,Receptor, Enkephalin,Receptor, Opiate,Receptor, Opioid,Receptor, beta-Endorphin,Receptors, beta Endorphin,beta Endorphin Receptor,beta-Endorphin Receptors
D001835	Body Weight	The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	Body Weights,Weight, Body,Weights, Body
D002047	Buprenorphine	A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.	6029-M,Buprenex,Buprenorphine Hydrochloride,Buprex,Prefin,RX-6029-M,Subutex,Temgesic,Temgésic,6029 M,6029M,Hydrochloride, Buprenorphine,RX 6029 M,RX6029M
D003061	Codeine	An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.	Morphinan-6-ol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-, (5alpha,6alpha)-,Ardinex,Codeine Phosphate,Isocodeine,N-Methylmorphine,N Methylmorphine
D005260	Female		Females
D000631	Aminopyridines	Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated but must retain at least one double bond.	Aminopyridine
D000700	Analgesics	Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.	Analgesic,Anodynes,Antinociceptive Agents,Analgesic Agents,Analgesic Drugs,Agents, Analgesic,Agents, Antinociceptive,Drugs, Analgesic
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D014147	Tramadol	A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.	Adolonta,Amadol,Biodalgic,Biokanol,Contramal,Jutadol,K-315,MTW-Tramadol,Nobligan,Prontofort,Ranitidin 1A Pharma,Takadol,Theradol,Tiral,Topalgic,Tradol,Tradol-Puren,Tradonal,Tralgiol,Trama 1A Pharma,Trama AbZ,Trama KD,Trama-Dorsch,Tramabeta,Tramadin,Tramadoc,Tramadol 1A,Tramadol AL,Tramadol Asta Medica,Tramadol Basics,Tramadol Bayvit,Tramadol Bexal,Tramadol Cinfa,Tramadol Edigen,Tramadol Heumann,Tramadol Hydrochloride,Tramadol Kern,Tramadol Lichtenstein,Tramadol Lindo,Tramadol Mabo,Tramadol Normon,Tramadol PB,Tramadol Ratiopharm,Tramadol Stada,Tramadol acis,Tramadol-Dolgit,Tramadol-Hameln,Tramadol-ratiopharm,Tramadolor,Tramadura,Tramagetic,Tramagit,Tramake,Tramal,Tramex,Tramundin,Trasedal,Ultram,Xymel 50,Zamudol,Zumalgic,Zydol,Zytram,K 315,K315,MTW Tramadol,MTWTramadol,Tradol Puren,TradolPuren,Trama Dorsch,TramaDorsch,Tramadol Dolgit,Tramadol Hameln,TramadolDolgit,TramadolHameln,Tramadolratiopharm