In muscle cells, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) not only acts as a Ca2+ store, but also regulates the contractile characteristics of the muscle. Ca2+ release from the SR is the primary mechanism for activating muscle contraction and reuptake of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump causes muscle relaxation. The SERCA pump isoforms are encoded by three genes, SERCA 1, 2, and 3, which are differentially expressed in muscle and determine SR Ca2+ dynamics by affecting the rate and amount of Ca2+ uptake, thereby affecting SR store and release of Ca2+ in muscle. In muscle, small molecular weight proteins, including Phospholamban (PLB) and Sarcolipin (SLN), also regulate the SERCA pump. Regulation of the SERCA pump by PLB or SLN affects cytosolic Ca2+ dynamics and changes in cytosolic Ca2+ not only affect contractile function, but also mitochondrial ATP production. Recent studies have shown that alterations in cytosolic Ca2+ affects Ca2+ entry into mitochondria and ATP production; thus, Ca2+ serves as an integrating signal between muscle contraction-dependent energy demand and mitochondrial energy production. In addition, changes in cytosolic Ca2+ can affect Ca2+ signaling pathways modulating gene expression and muscle growth. An emerging area of research shows that SR Ca2+ cycling is also a player in muscle-based nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data shows that SERCA uncoupling by SLN leads to increased ATP hydrolysis and heat production. Our studies, using genetically altered mouse models of SLN, show that SLN/SERCA interaction plays an important role in muscle thermogenesis and metabolism, which will be discussed here, in great length. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:879-890, 2017.