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Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples. 2017

Kristina S Petersen, and Claire Johnson, and Sailesh Mohan, and Kris Rogers, and Roopa Shivashankar, and Sudhir Raj Thout, and Priti Gupta, and Feng J He, and Graham A MacGregor, and Jacqui Webster, and Joseph Alvin Santos, and Anand Krishnan, and Pallab K Maulik, and K Srinath Reddy, and Ruby Gupta, and Dorairaj Prabhakaran, and Bruce Neal
aThe George Institute for Global Health bThe University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia cPublic Health Foundation of India dCentre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi eGeorge Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad, India fWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK gAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India hGeorge Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK iCharles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia jImperial College, London, UK kRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections. In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh. A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73-9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95-9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63-9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62-9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67-9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59-10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61-8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04-9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74-8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16-9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1-2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24-10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44-11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3-4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30-12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15-14.12)]. In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007194 India A country in southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan. The capitol is New Delhi. Republic of India
D011204 Poverty Areas City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay. Ghettos,Slums,Area, Poverty,Areas, Poverty,Ghetto,Poverty Area,Slum
D003430 Cross-Sectional Studies Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time. Disease Frequency Surveys,Prevalence Studies,Analysis, Cross-Sectional,Cross Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Survey,Surveys, Disease Frequency,Analyses, Cross Sectional,Analyses, Cross-Sectional,Analysis, Cross Sectional,Cross Sectional Analyses,Cross Sectional Studies,Cross Sectional Survey,Cross-Sectional Analyses,Cross-Sectional Analysis,Cross-Sectional Study,Cross-Sectional Surveys,Disease Frequency Survey,Prevalence Study,Studies, Cross-Sectional,Studies, Prevalence,Study, Cross-Sectional,Study, Prevalence,Survey, Cross-Sectional,Survey, Disease Frequency,Surveys, Cross-Sectional
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D012424 Rural Population The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. Rural Residence,Rural Communities,Rural Spatial Distribution,Communities, Rural,Community, Rural,Distribution, Rural Spatial,Distributions, Rural Spatial,Population, Rural,Populations, Rural,Residence, Rural,Rural Community,Rural Populations,Rural Residences,Rural Spatial Distributions
D014505 Urban Population The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. Urban Residence,Urban Spatial Distribution,Distribution, Urban Spatial,Distributions, Urban Spatial,Population, Urban,Populations, Urban,Residence, Urban,Urban Populations,Urban Residences,Urban Spatial Distributions
D017673 Sodium Chloride, Dietary Sodium chloride used in foods. Dietary Sodium Chloride,Table Salt,Chloride, Dietary Sodium,Salt, Table
D059349 Urine Specimen Collection Methods or procedures used to obtain samples of URINE. Urine Collection,Collection, Urine,Collection, Urine Specimen,Collections, Urine,Collections, Urine Specimen,Specimen Collection, Urine,Specimen Collections, Urine,Urine Collections,Urine Specimen Collections

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