The evaluation and treatment of substance abusers are complicated tasks, requiring a multifaceted approach. In addition to the patient's substance abuse problems, a substantial minority appear to be suffering from concurrent, nondrug-related psychiatric disorders. The early identification of such individuals allows for the development of specific treatment strategies that address both the substance abuse and the associated nondrug psychopathology. On the other hand, attention to nondrug psychopathology should not preclude our simultaneously addressing the patient's substance abuse problem. Thus, manic depressive patients who are also alcoholic may need a treatment program that includes alcoholism counseling. Alcoholics Anonymous, and chronic administration of disulfiram in addition to lithium carbonate and a supportive psychotherapeutic relationship. As in other areas of medicine, attention to the "whole patient" is the sine qua non of good treatment.