Biomaterial Database

[The localization and release of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the bovine adrenal medulla]. 1986

M Yoshikawa, and H Saito

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), originally isolated from the porcine small intestine, is known to be widely distributed throughout the body including the central and peripheral nervous systems in various species. In the present study, we demonstrated the existence, subcellular distribution and mode of release of VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) in the bovine adrenal medulla by radioimmunoassay. In tissue extracts from fresh bovine adrenal medulla, a considerable amount of VIP-LI (101.1 +/- 24.3 ng/g wet weight) was detected, and its concentration was about 100 times and 30 times higher than those of neurotensin-LI and somatostatin-LI, respectively, on a molar basis. On chromatographic analysis, the majority of adrenal VIP-LI was comfirmed to have the same molecular size as synthetic VIP, and a small peak of macromolecular VIP-LI corresponding to pro-VIP was also found. In studies using a retrograde venous perfusion system of the bovine adrenal gland, marked releases of both VIP-LI and catecholamine (CA) were observed immediately after the infusion of potassium solution of a concentration of 56 mM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Ba2+ (2 mM) also stimulated the releases of VIP-LI and CA from the adrenal gland Carbachol (10(-4)M) stimulated CA secretion as much as high potassium and Ba2+, but the magnitude of VIP-LI release was lower. The subcellular distribution of VIP in the adrenal medulla was investigated by a method of differential centrifugation and discontinuous density gradient. VIP-LI was mainly found in mitochondrial fraction, which contain mitochondria and synaptosome, while little was found in highly purified chromaffine granule fraction. These results suggest that VIP in the adrenal gland is mainly localized in the splanchnic nerve endings and may play a role as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the adrenal medulla.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009496	Neurotensin	A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.
D011863	Radioimmunoassay	Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.	Radioimmunoassays
D002417	Cattle	Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.	Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D000313	Adrenal Medulla	The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.	Adrenal Medullas,Medulla, Adrenal,Medullas, Adrenal
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013004	Somatostatin	A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.	Cyclic Somatostatin,Somatostatin-14,Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Hormone,SRIH-14,Somatofalk,Somatostatin, Cyclic,Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Factor,Stilamin,Somatostatin 14,Somatotropin Release Inhibiting Factor,Somatotropin Release Inhibiting Hormone
D013347	Subcellular Fractions	Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)	Fraction, Subcellular,Fractions, Subcellular,Subcellular Fraction
D014660	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide	A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide),Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide,Vasointestinal Peptide,Intestinal Peptide, Vasoactive,Intestinal Polypeptide, Vasoactive,Peptide, Vasoactive Intestinal,Peptide, Vasointestinal,Polypeptide, Vasoactive Intestinal