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A method of converting a Mapleson D (Bain) circuit to closed-circuit operation is presented, utilizing a laboratory air pump and a Waters carbon dioxide absorber canister to recirculate exhaled gas. The elimination of carbon dioxide from the circuit was studied and found to be adequate. The circuit would allow the use of low fresh gas flows for the maintenance of anaesthesia without the danger of carbon dioxide rebreathing. We suggest that such a circuit could provide appropriate conditions of gas humidity and temperature for endotracheal anaesthesia, while realizing the advantage of a circulator in mask anaesthesia is possible. Further design considerations for a "D circle" breathing system for clinical use are discussed.
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
March 1980,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
March 1982,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
July 1979,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
January 1981,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
November 1976,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
January 1979,
Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
January 1982,
International anesthesiology clinics,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
June 1978,
South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
January 1991,
Journal of clinical monitoring,
F J Sasse, and
D C Flemming, and
B Hoff, and
N T Smith, and
I J Rampil
February 1990,
Anaesthesia,
