Biomaterial Database

Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Adaptations in Addressing Heart Failure. 2017

Jubert Marquez, and Jin Han

National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea.

Mitochondria are complex organelles essential for the production of energy. These dynamic, complex organelles found in every cell and tissues of the body have been well-studied in various physiological models, stressing that mitochondrial dysfunction is characteristic of pathological states, especially in cardiovascular diseases and heart failure. Since heart failure progresses due to energy deficits brought about by altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and functioning, novel ways of ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction are being studied. Interestingly, various exercise modalities can serve as stimuli which can regulate the mitochondria in different ways, such as in the increase of mitochondrial mass and copy number, in the structural fusion and fission processes, and the removal of impaired mitochondria. Considering that there are numerous kinds and protocols for exercise, there are a number of ways exercise can affect the mitochondria as well. Nonetheless these processes affect each other to an extent, highlighting the pivotal role exercise plays in improving or enhancing the state of mitochondria during disease. This chapter will focus on how exercise of different can regulate mitochondrial processes, which could be used as therapeutic strategies in addressing heart failure.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008928	Mitochondria	Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)	Mitochondrial Contraction,Mitochondrion,Contraction, Mitochondrial,Contractions, Mitochondrial,Mitochondrial Contractions
D004272	DNA, Mitochondrial	Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.	Mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA
D004734	Energy Metabolism	The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.	Bioenergetics,Energy Expenditure,Bioenergetic,Energy Expenditures,Energy Metabolisms,Expenditure, Energy,Expenditures, Energy,Metabolism, Energy,Metabolisms, Energy
D006333	Heart Failure	A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	Cardiac Failure,Heart Decompensation,Congestive Heart Failure,Heart Failure, Congestive,Heart Failure, Left-Sided,Heart Failure, Right-Sided,Left-Sided Heart Failure,Myocardial Failure,Right-Sided Heart Failure,Decompensation, Heart,Heart Failure, Left Sided,Heart Failure, Right Sided,Left Sided Heart Failure,Right Sided Heart Failure
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000222	Adaptation, Physiological	The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.	Adaptation, Physiologic,Adaptations, Physiologic,Adaptations, Physiological,Adaptive Plasticity,Phenotypic Plasticity,Physiological Adaptation,Physiologic Adaptation,Physiologic Adaptations,Physiological Adaptations,Plasticity, Adaptive,Plasticity, Phenotypic
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015444	Exercise	Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.	Aerobic Exercise,Exercise, Aerobic,Exercise, Isometric,Exercise, Physical,Isometric Exercise,Physical Activity,Acute Exercise,Exercise Training,Activities, Physical,Activity, Physical,Acute Exercises,Aerobic Exercises,Exercise Trainings,Exercise, Acute,Exercises,Exercises, Acute,Exercises, Aerobic,Exercises, Isometric,Exercises, Physical,Isometric Exercises,Physical Activities,Physical Exercise,Physical Exercises,Training, Exercise,Trainings, Exercise
D063154	Mitochondrial Dynamics	The continuous remodeling of MITOCHONDRIA shape by fission and fusion in response to physiological conditions.	Mitochondrial Fission,Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion,Mitochondrial Fusion,Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission,Dynamic, Mitochondrial,Dynamics, Mitochondrial,Fission, Mitochondrial,Fissions, Mitochondrial,Fusion, Mitochondrial,Fusions, Mitochondrial,Mitochondrial Dynamic,Mitochondrial Fissions,Mitochondrial Fusions
D063306	Mitophagy	Proteolytic breakdown of the MITOCHONDRIA via autophagy.	Mitochondrial Degradation