Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Energy Delivery: Pulse and Power Effects on Enamel Surface and Erosive Resistance. 2017

Renan Mota de Oliveira, and Vinicius Matsuzaki de Souza, and Camila Machado Esteves, and Ynara Bosco de Oliveira Lima-Arsati, and Alessandra Cassoni, and José Augusto Rodrigues, and Aldo Brugnera Junior
1 Division of Dental Research and Graduate Studies, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Guarulhos University , Guarulhos, Brazil .

BACKGROUND High power lasers have been suggested as a useful tool for dental caries and erosion prevention due to the increase of enamel acid resistance. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium,chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet) laser irradiation pulse frequency and power on enamel surface and acid erosion resistance. METHODS By combining pulse frequency (5-75 Hz) and power settings (0.10-1.00 W), 20 irradiated groups and one nonirradiated control group were tested. A total of 63 bovine enamel blocks (n = 3/group) were prepared for surface hardness and roughness evaluation, performed in three phases: baseline, after irradiation, and after erosive challenge. Enamel blocks were irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser with MZ8 tip (iPlus; Waterlase, Biolase, CA) for 30 sec according to experimental group and submitted. Erosive challenge consisted of four cycles alternating immersion in 0.01 M HCl (5 mL/mm2; 2 min; at 37°C) and immersion in artificial saliva for 3 h. Analysis of variance (three-way ANOVA), Tukey's test, and Pearson correlation were performed for the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS After irradiation, groups irradiated with pulse frequency of 10 and 15 Hz showed a decrease in surface hardness. After erosive challenge, 5 and 75 W groups showed increase in surface hardness; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 W groups showed minor alterations in surface roughness. CONCLUSIONS the irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with different parameters of power and pulse frequency settings may alter enamel surface and erosive resistance differently. Pulse frequency of 30 Hz and power of 0.50 W was considered the best parameter to prevent enamel acid erosion.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D002417 Cattle Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor. Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D003731 Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. Caries, Dental,Carious Lesions,Dental Cavities,Dental Cavity,Dental Decay,Dental White Spots,Carious Dentin,Decay, Dental,Dental White Spot,White Spot, Dental,White Spots, Dental,Carious Dentins,Carious Lesion,Cavities, Dental,Cavity, Dental,Dentin, Carious,Dentins, Carious,Lesion, Carious,Lesions, Carious,Spot, Dental White,Spots, Dental White
D003743 Dental Enamel A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286) Enamel,Enamel Cuticle,Dental Enamels,Enamel, Dental,Enamels, Dental,Cuticle, Enamel,Cuticles, Enamel,Enamel Cuticles,Enamels
D006245 Hardness Tests A test to determine the relative HARDNESS of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). Hardness Test,Test, Hardness,Tests, Hardness
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013499 Surface Properties Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules. Properties, Surface,Property, Surface,Surface Property
D014077 Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296) Dental Enamel Erosion,Dental Erosion,Dental Enamel Erosions,Dental Erosions,Enamel Erosion, Dental,Erosion, Dental,Erosion, Dental Enamel,Erosion, Tooth,Tooth Erosions
D053844 Lasers, Solid-State Lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. Common materials used are crystals, such as YAG (YTTRIUM aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and CORUNDUM, doped with a rare earth element such as a NEODYMIUM; ERBIUM; or HOLMIUM. The output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium YAG lasers to convert the output light to the visible range. Alexandrite Laser,Alexandrite Lasers,Diode Pumped Solid State Laser,Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers,Er-YAG Laser,Er-YAG Lasers,Erbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser,Erbium YAG Laser,Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser,Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Ho YAG Laser,Ho YAG Lasers,Holmium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Holmium Laser,Holmium-YAG Laser,Holmium-YAG Lasers,KTP Laser,Laser, Nd-YAG,Nd-YAG Laser,Nd-YAG Lasers,Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser,Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Laser,Ruby Laser,Ruby Lasers,Solid-State Laser,YAG Laser,YAG Lasers,YLF Laser,YLF Lasers,YSGG Laser,YSGG Lasers,Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser,Yttrium-Lithium-Fluoride Laser,Yttrium-Lithium-Fluoride Lasers,Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium Garnet Laser,Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium Garnet Lasers,Erbium YAG Lasers,Holmium Lasers,KTP Lasers,Lasers, Alexandrite,Lasers, Diode Pumped Solid State,Lasers, Er-YAG,Lasers, Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Ho-YAG,Lasers, Holmium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Nd-YAG,Lasers, Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Ruby,Lasers, YAG,Lasers, Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Yttrium-Lithium-Fluoride,Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Lasers,Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Er YAG Laser,Er YAG Lasers,Erbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Ho-YAG Laser,Ho-YAG Lasers,Holmium YAG Laser,Holmium YAG Lasers,Laser, Alexandrite,Laser, Er-YAG,Laser, Erbium YAG,Laser, Ho YAG,Laser, Ho-YAG,Laser, Holmium,Laser, Holmium-YAG,Laser, KTP,Laser, Nd YAG,Laser, Ruby,Laser, Solid-State,Laser, YAG,Laser, YLF,Laser, YSGG,Laser, Yttrium-Lithium-Fluoride,Laser, Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium Garnet,Lasers, Er YAG,Lasers, Erbium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Erbium YAG,Lasers, Ho YAG,Lasers, Holmium,Lasers, Holmium-YAG,Lasers, KTP,Lasers, Nd YAG,Lasers, Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet,Lasers, Solid State,Lasers, YLF,Lasers, YSGG,Lasers, Yttrium Lithium Fluoride,Lasers, Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium Garnet,Nd YAG Laser,Nd YAG Lasers,Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser,Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers,Solid State Laser,Solid-State Lasers,YAG Laser, Erbium,YAG Laser, Ho,YAG Lasers, Erbium,YAG Lasers, Ho,Yttrium Lithium Fluoride Laser,Yttrium Lithium Fluoride Lasers,Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet Laser,Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet Lasers
D066298 In Vitro Techniques Methods to study reactions or processes taking place in an artificial environment outside the living organism. In Vitro Test,In Vitro Testing,In Vitro Tests,In Vitro as Topic,In Vitro,In Vitro Technique,In Vitro Testings,Technique, In Vitro,Techniques, In Vitro,Test, In Vitro,Testing, In Vitro,Testings, In Vitro,Tests, In Vitro,Vitro Testing, In

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