Epitranscriptomics: regulation of mRNA metabolism through modifications. 2017

Eyal Peer, and Gideon Rechavi, and Dan Dominissini
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Wohl Centre for Translational Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.

Cellular RNAs can be modified post-transcriptionally with dynamic and reversible chemical modifications. These modifications can alter the structure and metabolism of mRNA, but only recent methodological and conceptual advances allowed systematic mapping and functional analysis to unfold the role they play in mRNA biology. Mapping the most common internal mRNA modification, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), paved the way for the deciphering of other types of mRNA modifications, such as N1-methyladenosine (m1A). RNA methylation provides dynamic regulation to the processing, export, translation and stability of mRNA molecules, thereby influencing fundamental biological and pathological processes such as differentiation, cellular response to stress and tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the key methods and the recent discoveries in the field of epitranscriptomics through the prism of post-transcriptional mRNA methylation in eukaryotes.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008745 Methylation Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Methylations
D004247 DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D012323 RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein. Post-Transcriptional RNA Modification,RNA Processing,Post-Transcriptional RNA Processing,Posttranscriptional RNA Processing,RNA Processing, Post Transcriptional,RNA Processing, Posttranscriptional,Modification, Post-Transcriptional RNA,Modifications, Post-Transcriptional RNA,Post Transcriptional RNA Modification,Post Transcriptional RNA Processing,Post-Transcriptional RNA Modifications,Processing, Posttranscriptional RNA,Processing, RNA,RNA Modification, Post-Transcriptional,RNA Modifications, Post-Transcriptional
D012333 RNA, Messenger RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA,Messenger RNA, Polyadenylated,Poly(A) Tail,Poly(A)+ RNA,Poly(A)+ mRNA,RNA, Messenger, Polyadenylated,RNA, Polyadenylated,mRNA,mRNA, Non-Polyadenylated,mRNA, Polyadenylated,Non-Polyadenylated mRNA,Poly(A) RNA,Polyadenylated mRNA,Non Polyadenylated mRNA,Polyadenylated Messenger RNA,Polyadenylated RNA,RNA, Polyadenylated Messenger,mRNA, Non Polyadenylated
D020871 RNA Stability The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions. RNA Decay,mRNA Decay,mRNA Transcript Degradation,RNA Degradation,RNA Instability,mRNA Degradation,mRNA Instability,mRNA Stability,Decay, RNA,Decay, mRNA,Degradation, RNA,Degradation, mRNA,Degradation, mRNA Transcript,Instability, RNA,Instability, mRNA,Stability, RNA,Stability, mRNA,Transcript Degradation, mRNA

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