Biomarkers in prostate cancer - Current clinical utility and future perspectives. 2017

Alexander Kretschmer, and Derya Tilki
The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.

Current tendencies in the treatment course of prostate cancer patients increase the need for reliable biomarkers that help in decision-making in a challenging clinical setting. Within the last decade, several novel biomarkers have been introduced. In the following comprehensive review article, we focus on diagnostic (PHI®, 4K score, SelectMDx®, ConfirmMDx®, PCA3, MiPS, ExoDX®, mpMRI) and prognostic (OncotypeDX GPS®, Prolaris®, ProMark®, DNA-ploidy, Decipher®) biomarkers that are in widespread clinical use and are supported by evidence. Hereby, we focus on multiple clinical situations in which innovative biomarkers may guide decision-making in prostate cancer therapy. In addition, we describe novel liquid biopsy approaches (circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA) that have been described as predictive biomarkers in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and might support an individual patient-centred oncological approach in the nearer future.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D009360 Neoplastic Cells, Circulating Exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors. Circulating Neoplastic Cells,Embolic Tumor Cells,Embolism, Tumor,Neoplasm Circulating Cells,Tumor Cells, Embolic,Cells, Neoplasm Circulating,Circulating Cells, Neoplasm,Circulating Tumor Cells,Cell, Circulating Neoplastic,Cell, Circulating Tumor,Cell, Embolic Tumor,Cell, Neoplasm Circulating,Cells, Circulating Neoplastic,Cells, Circulating Tumor,Cells, Embolic Tumor,Circulating Neoplastic Cell,Circulating Tumor Cell,Embolic Tumor Cell,Embolisms, Tumor,Neoplasm Circulating Cell,Neoplastic Cell, Circulating,Tumor Cell, Circulating,Tumor Cell, Embolic,Tumor Cells, Circulating,Tumor Embolism,Tumor Embolisms
D011379 Prognosis A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations. Prognostic Factor,Prognostic Factors,Factor, Prognostic,Factors, Prognostic,Prognoses
D011471 Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE. Cancer of Prostate,Prostate Cancer,Cancer of the Prostate,Neoplasms, Prostate,Neoplasms, Prostatic,Prostate Neoplasms,Prostatic Cancer,Cancer, Prostate,Cancer, Prostatic,Cancers, Prostate,Cancers, Prostatic,Neoplasm, Prostate,Neoplasm, Prostatic,Prostate Cancers,Prostate Neoplasm,Prostatic Cancers,Prostatic Neoplasm
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D014408 Biomarkers, Tumor Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or BODY FLUIDS. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including HORMONES; ANTIGENS; amino and NUCLEIC ACIDS; ENZYMES; POLYAMINES; and specific CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. Biochemical Tumor Marker,Cancer Biomarker,Carcinogen Markers,Markers, Tumor,Metabolite Markers, Neoplasm,Tumor Biomarker,Tumor Marker,Tumor Markers, Biochemical,Tumor Markers, Biological,Biochemical Tumor Markers,Biological Tumor Marker,Biological Tumor Markers,Biomarkers, Cancer,Marker, Biochemical Tumor,Marker, Biologic Tumor,Marker, Biological Tumor,Marker, Neoplasm Metabolite,Marker, Tumor Metabolite,Markers, Biochemical Tumor,Markers, Biological Tumor,Markers, Neoplasm Metabolite,Markers, Tumor Metabolite,Metabolite Markers, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Markers,Tumor Markers, Biologic,Tumor Metabolite Marker,Biologic Tumor Marker,Biologic Tumor Markers,Biomarker, Cancer,Biomarker, Tumor,Cancer Biomarkers,Marker, Tumor,Markers, Biologic Tumor,Markers, Carcinogen,Metabolite Marker, Neoplasm,Metabolite Marker, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Marker,Tumor Biomarkers,Tumor Marker, Biochemical,Tumor Marker, Biologic,Tumor Marker, Biological,Tumor Markers,Tumor Metabolite Markers
D064129 Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE. Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer,Androgen-Independent Prostatic Neoplasms,Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic Cancer,Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic Neoplasms,Androgen-Resistant Prostatic Cancer,Androgen-Resistant Prostatic Neoplasms,Castration-Resistant Prostatic Cancer,Castration-Resistant Prostatic Neoplasms,Hormone Refractory Prostatic Cancer,Hormone Refractory Prostatic Neoplasms,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen-Independent,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen-Insensitive,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen-Resistant,Prostatic Cancer, Castration-Resistant,Prostatic Cancer, Hormone Refractory,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen-Independent,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen-Insensitive,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen-Resistant,Prostatic Neoplasms, Hormone Refractory,Androgen Independent Prostatic Cancer,Androgen Independent Prostatic Neoplasms,Androgen Insensitive Prostatic Cancer,Androgen Insensitive Prostatic Neoplasms,Androgen Resistant Prostatic Cancer,Androgen Resistant Prostatic Neoplasms,Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancers,Androgen-Independent Prostatic Neoplasm,Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic Cancers,Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic Neoplasm,Androgen-Resistant Prostatic Cancers,Androgen-Resistant Prostatic Neoplasm,Cancer, Androgen-Independent Prostatic,Cancer, Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic,Cancer, Androgen-Resistant Prostatic,Cancer, Castration-Resistant Prostatic,Cancers, Androgen-Independent Prostatic,Cancers, Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic,Cancers, Androgen-Resistant Prostatic,Cancers, Castration-Resistant Prostatic,Castration Resistant Prostatic Cancer,Castration Resistant Prostatic Neoplasms,Castration-Resistant Prostatic Cancers,Castration-Resistant Prostatic Neoplasm,Neoplasm, Androgen-Independent Prostatic,Neoplasm, Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic,Neoplasm, Androgen-Resistant Prostatic,Neoplasm, Castration-Resistant Prostatic,Neoplasms, Androgen-Independent Prostatic,Neoplasms, Androgen-Insensitive Prostatic,Neoplasms, Androgen-Resistant Prostatic,Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Prostatic,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen Independent,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen Insensitive,Prostatic Cancer, Androgen Resistant,Prostatic Cancer, Castration Resistant,Prostatic Cancers, Androgen-Independent,Prostatic Cancers, Androgen-Insensitive,Prostatic Cancers, Androgen-Resistant,Prostatic Cancers, Castration-Resistant,Prostatic Neoplasm, Androgen-Independent,Prostatic Neoplasm, Androgen-Insensitive,Prostatic Neoplasm, Androgen-Resistant,Prostatic Neoplasm, Castration-Resistant,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen Independent,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen Insensitive,Prostatic Neoplasms, Androgen Resistant,Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration Resistant

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