Test-retest agreement and reliability of the Six Spot Step Test in persons with multiple sclerosis. 2019

Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, VIA University College, Aarhus, Denmark/Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

The Six Spot Step Test (SSST) extends traditional walking outcomes in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) by further challenging components of coordination and balance. Nonetheless, the test-retest agreement of the SSST has not been investigated. To determine the within-day, day-to-day, and inter-rater agreement and reliability of the SSST in PwMS. A secondary aim was to investigate the validity of handheld timing. A total of 38 PwMS with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) <6.5 completed two SSSTs with a 5-minute break in-between. After 2 days, this procedure was repeated. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to determine the 95% Limits of Agreement (LOA) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated. In a subgroup of 18 PwMS, the SSSTs were video-recorded and timed by a second investigator. The relative LOA within and between days were ±15% and ±19%, while ICC were 0.987 and 0.983, respectively. A minor learning effect was found over four tests. The handheld timing error was ±0.5 seconds when compared to video-based timing. The SSST has an acceptable within- and between-day agreement and reliability. For interventional purposes, a change of >19% can be regarded as a real change. Valid timing can be performed by a handheld stopwatch.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D009103 Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) MS (Multiple Sclerosis),Multiple Sclerosis, Acute Fulminating,Sclerosis, Disseminated,Disseminated Sclerosis,Sclerosis, Multiple
D004185 Disability Evaluation Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits. Disability Evaluations,Evaluation, Disability,Evaluations, Disability
D005080 Exercise Test Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. Arm Ergometry Test,Bicycle Ergometry Test,Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing,Exercise Testing,Step Test,Stress Test,Treadmill Test,Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test,EuroFit Tests,Eurofit Test Battery,European Fitness Testing Battery,Fitness Testing,Physical Fitness Testing,Arm Ergometry Tests,Bicycle Ergometry Tests,Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests,Ergometry Test, Arm,Ergometry Test, Bicycle,Ergometry Tests, Arm,Ergometry Tests, Bicycle,EuroFit Test,Eurofit Test Batteries,Exercise Test, Cardiopulmonary,Exercise Testing, Cardiopulmonary,Exercise Tests,Exercise Tests, Cardiopulmonary,Fitness Testing, Physical,Fitness Testings,Step Tests,Stress Tests,Test Battery, Eurofit,Test, Arm Ergometry,Test, Bicycle Ergometry,Test, Cardiopulmonary Exercise,Test, EuroFit,Test, Exercise,Test, Step,Test, Stress,Test, Treadmill,Testing, Cardiopulmonary Exercise,Testing, Exercise,Testing, Fitness,Testing, Physical Fitness,Tests, Arm Ergometry,Tests, Bicycle Ergometry,Tests, Cardiopulmonary Exercise,Tests, EuroFit,Tests, Exercise,Tests, Step,Tests, Stress,Tests, Treadmill,Treadmill Tests
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D015203 Reproducibility of Results The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results. Reliability and Validity,Reliability of Result,Reproducibility Of Result,Reproducibility of Finding,Validity of Result,Validity of Results,Face Validity,Reliability (Epidemiology),Reliability of Results,Reproducibility of Findings,Test-Retest Reliability,Validity (Epidemiology),Finding Reproducibilities,Finding Reproducibility,Of Result, Reproducibility,Of Results, Reproducibility,Reliabilities, Test-Retest,Reliability, Test-Retest,Result Reliabilities,Result Reliability,Result Validities,Result Validity,Result, Reproducibility Of,Results, Reproducibility Of,Test Retest Reliability,Validity and Reliability,Validity, Face
D020233 Gait Disorders, Neurologic Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES. Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic,Charcot Gait,Charcot's Gait,Duck Gait,Gait Disorder, Sensorimotor,Gait Dysfunction, Neurologic,Gait, Athetotic,Gait, Broadened,Gait, Drop Foot,Gait, Festinating,Gait, Frontal,Gait, Hemiplegic,Gait, Hysterical,Gait, Reeling,Gait, Rigid,Gait, Scissors,Gait, Shuffling,Gait, Spastic,Gait, Stumbling,Gait, Unsteady,Gait, Widebased,Locomotion Disorders, Neurologic,Marche a Petit Pas,Neurologic Ambulation Disorders,Neurologic Locomotion Disorders,Rapid Fatigue of Gait,Sensorimotor Gait Disorder,Ambulation Disorder, Neurologic,Athetotic Gait,Broadened Gait,Charcot Gaits,Charcots Gait,Drop Foot Gait,Festinating Gait,Foot Gait, Drop,Frontal Gait,Gait Disorder, Neurologic,Gait Disorders, Sensorimotor,Gait Dysfunctions, Neurologic,Gait, Charcot,Gait, Charcot's,Gait, Duck,Gaits, Charcot,Hemiplegic Gait,Hysterical Gait,Locomotion Disorder, Neurologic,Neurologic Ambulation Disorder,Neurologic Gait Disorder,Neurologic Gait Disorders,Neurologic Gait Dysfunction,Neurologic Gait Dysfunctions,Neurologic Locomotion Disorder,Reeling Gait,Rigid Gait,Scissors Gait,Sensorimotor Gait Disorders,Shuffling Gait,Shuffling Gaits,Spastic Gait,Stumbling Gait,Unsteady Gait,Widebased Gait

Related Publications

Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
January 2020, Physiotherapy theory and practice,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
February 2019, Clinical rehabilitation,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
January 2003, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
May 2017, Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
October 2021, Clinical rehabilitation,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
January 2003, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
December 2025, Acta neurologica Belgica,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
September 2013, International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
April 2010, Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria,
Jacob Callesen, and Christina Richter, and Cecilie Kristensen, and Inger Sunesen, and Marie Næsby, and Ulrik Dalgas, and Anders Guldhammer Skjerbæk
August 2006, Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England),
Copied contents to your clipboard!