Forgoing life-sustaining treatments in the ICU. To withhold or to withdraw: is that the question? 2018

Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
Società Italiana di Anestesia Analgesia Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva (SIAARTI), Rome, Italy.

In the last decades, mortality from severe acute illnesses has considerably declined thanks to the advances in intensive care medicine. Meanwhile, critical care physicians realized that life-sustaining treatments (LST) may not be appropriate for every patient, and end-of-life care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) started to receive growing attention. Most deaths occurring in the ICU now follow a decision to forgo life-sustaining treatments (DFLST), which can be implemented either by withdrawing (WDLST) or withholding (WHLST) life-sustaining treatments. Despite the broad consensus about the equivalence of the two practices from an ethical point of view, the issue of the best option between WDLST and WHLST constantly gives rise to controversies in clinical practice. This review is not intended to take a stand for or against WDLST or WHLST. Based on available evidence, the definitions of the two practices are first presented. Secondly, the preferences of ICU physicians towards WDLST and WHLST are examined. Finally, some arguments are offered outlining pros and cons of WDLST and WHLST, stressing that the clinician's attention should focus on an early and thorough recognition of patients in need of a DFLST, rather than on the theoretical strength and weakness of the two practices. This approach will enable physicians to make informed decisions on how to implement the limitation of LSTs, considering the patients' clinical conditions and preferences, the circumstances and needs of their families.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007362 Intensive Care Units Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. ICU Intensive Care Units,Intensive Care Unit,Unit, Intensive Care
D008020 Life Support Care Care provided patients requiring extraordinary therapeutic measures in order to sustain and prolong life. Extraordinary Treatment,Prolongation of Life,Care, Life Support,Extraordinary Treatments,Life Prolongation,Treatment, Extraordinary,Treatments, Extraordinary
D009626 Terminology as Topic Works about the terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area. Etymology,Nomenclature as Topic,Etymologies
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000066491 Clinical Decision-Making Process of formulating a diagnosis based on medical history and physical or mental examinations, and/or choosing an appropriate intervention. Medical Decision-Making,Clinical Decision Making,Decision-Making, Clinical,Decision-Making, Medical,Medical Decision Making
D028761 Withholding Treatment Withholding or withdrawal of a particular treatment or treatments, often (but not necessarily) life-prolonging treatment, from a patient or from a research subject as part of a research protocol. The concept is differentiated from REFUSAL TO TREAT, where the emphasis is on the health professional's or health facility's refusal to treat a patient or group of patients when the patient or the patient's representative requests treatment. Withholding of life-prolonging treatment is usually indexed only with EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE, unless the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment, or the issue of withholding palliative rather than curative treatment, is discussed. Withdrawing Care,Cessation of Treatment,Withdrawing Treatment,Care, Withdrawing,Treatment Cessation,Treatment Cessations,Treatment, Withdrawing,Treatment, Withholding,Treatments, Withdrawing,Treatments, Withholding,Withdrawing Treatments,Withholding Treatments

Related Publications

Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
November 1994, Rhode Island medicine,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
October 1999, Nursing management,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
September 1991, Seminars in anesthesia,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
April 1997, Bulletin of medical ethics,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
December 1996, Mayo Clinic proceedings,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
September 2017, Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
March 2006, Archives of internal medicine,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
October 2019, Journal of law and medicine,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
January 2009, Health law journal,
Giuseppe R Gristina, and Francesca Baroncelli, and Marco Vergano
March 2014, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica,
Copied contents to your clipboard!