Minimal and open pedicle screw fixation procedures have been widely used in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures. However, the efficacy and safety of these approaches remain unclear. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate perioperative, functional and radiological outcomes of percutaneous versus open pedicle screw fixation for thoracolumbar fractures. To obtain relevant literature, a systematic search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The Cowley criteria were used to evaluate the risk of bias for the included studies. A database that included patient demographic information and perioperative outcomes was established. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Analyses were performed for the two subgroups of Chinese studies and studies from other nations. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot method. Eleven comparative observational studies that satisfied our inclusion criteria were identified via a literature search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Relative to the open approach, the minimal approach was associated with less blood loss (WMD=-218.10, 95% CI: -266.31 to -169.88, p<0.00001) and shorter operative time (WMD=-15.31, 95% CI: -24.73 to -5.88, p=0.001). Evidence indicated that a significant difference was observed between Chinese studies and other studies with respect to blood loss (p=0.02). We also found that the minimal approach was associated with a lower postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score (WMD = -1.06, 95% CI: -1.32 to -0.8, p<0.00001) and less correction loss (WMD=-0.59, 95% CI: -1.16 to 0.02, p=0.04) than the traditional open approach. No significant difference between these approaches was found with respect to complication rate (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.55, p=0.48). The evidence indicated that the minimal approach had better functional and radiological outcomes than the open approach. Neither approach was superior with respect to complication rate. Relative to the open approach, the minimal approach might be associated with decreased operative time, less blood loss and a shorter hospital stay.