Biomaterial Database

Brain organoids as models to study human neocortex development and evolution. 2018

Michael Heide, and Wieland B Huttner, and Felipe Mora-Bermúdez

Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.

Since their recent development, organoids that emulate human brain tissue have allowed in vitro neural development studies to go beyond the limits of monolayer culture systems, such as neural rosettes. We present here a review of organoid studies that focuses on cortical wall development, starting with a technical comparison between pre-patterning and self-patterning brain organoid protocols. We then follow neocortex development in space and time and list those aspects where organoids have succeeded in emulating in vivo development, as well as those aspects that continue to be pending tasks. Finally, we present a summary of medical and evolutionary insight made possible by organoid technology.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008954	Models, Biological	Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.	Biological Model,Biological Models,Model, Biological,Models, Biologic,Biologic Model,Biologic Models,Model, Biologic
D009940	Organoids	An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture, e.g., self-organized three-dimensional tissue structures derived from STEM CELLS (see MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS). They are also found in certain NEOPLASMS.	Organoid
D005075	Biological Evolution	The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.	Evolution, Biological
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D018929	Cell Culture Techniques	Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.	Cell Culture,Cell Culture Technique,Cell Cultures,Culture Technique, Cell,Culture Techniques, Cell
D019579	Neocortex	The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.	Cerebral Neocortex,External Granular Layer,Isocortex,Neocortical External Granular Layer,Neocortical External Pyramidal Layer,Neocortical Internal Granular Layer,Neocortical Internal Pyramidal Layer,Neocortical Molecular Layer,Neocortical Multiform Layer,Neopallial Cortex,Neopallium,Substantia Corticalis,Cerebral Neocortices,Cortex, Neopallial,Corticali, Substantia,Corticalis, Substantia,Cortices, Neopallial,External Granular Layers,Granular Layer, External,Granular Layers, External,Isocortices,Layer, External Granular,Layer, Neocortical Molecular,Layer, Neocortical Multiform,Layers, External Granular,Layers, Neocortical Molecular,Layers, Neocortical Multiform,Molecular Layer, Neocortical,Molecular Layers, Neocortical,Multiform Layer, Neocortical,Multiform Layers, Neocortical,Neocortex, Cerebral,Neocortical Molecular Layers,Neocortical Multiform Layers,Neocortices,Neocortices, Cerebral,Neopallial Cortices,Neopalliums,Substantia Corticali
D038081	Organogenesis	Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.