These studies suggest that intensive chemoradiotherapy (eg., VAMP-TBI), if given relatively soon after diagnosis and before development of progressive disease, improves long-term survival for patients with advanced neuroblastoma. Although this particular therapy is not useful for those who already have developed progressive disease, other intensive regimens may warrant testing in this latter group of patients. Our current study is testing aggressive induction chemotherapy, ex vivo purging of autologous marrow, and VAMP-TBI followed by BMT. Because of the increasing risk of progressive disease with time after diagnosis, we recommend beginning the BMT phase by 20 weeks after diagnosis. This should result in 85% of newly diagnosed patients entering the BMT phase without progressive disease; and, with fewer toxic deaths, 90% should survive the BMT phase. Thus, approximately 70% of patients could be disease-free survivors 8-9 months after diagnosis. Because a significant number of patients still develop progressive disease during induction or after BMT, efforts are being made to improve induction and pretransplant therapies and to identify prognostic factors. If modifications of the current regimens do not decrease the rate of progressive disease, it may be necessary to develop additional or different therapy for patients identified to be at high risk. Hopefully, new strategies will further increase the percentage of patients with tumor-free survival.