Fundamental Heart Sound Classification using the Continuous Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Neural Networks. 2018

Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget

Correct identification of the fundamental heart sounds is an important step in identifying the heart cycle stages. Heart valve pathologies can cause abnormal heart sounds or extra sounds, and an important distinguishing feature between different pathologies is the timing of these extra sounds in the heart cycle. In the design of an understandable heart sound analysis system, heart sound segmentation is an indispensable step. In this study classification of the fundamental heart sounds using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) scalograms and convolutional neural networks (CNN) is investigated. Classification between the first and second heart sound of scalograms produced by the Morse analytic wavelet was compared for CNN, support vector machine (SVM), and knearest neighbours (kNN) classifiers. Samples of the first and second heart sound were extracted from a publicly available dataset of normal and abnormal heart sound recordings, and magnitude scalograms were calculated for each sample. These scalograms were used to train and test CNNs. Classification using features extracted from a fully connected layer of the network was compared with linear binary pattern features. The CNN achieved an average classification accuracy of 86% when distinguishing between the first and second heart sound. Features extracted from the CNN and classified using a SVM achieved similar results (85.9%). Classification of the CNN features outperformed LBP features using both SVM and kNN classifiers. The results indicate that there is significant potential for the use of CWT and CNN in the analysis of heart sounds.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006347 Heart Sounds The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling. Cardiac Sounds,Cardiac Sound,Heart Sound,Sound, Cardiac,Sound, Heart,Sounds, Cardiac,Sounds, Heart
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D016571 Neural Networks, Computer A computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. Like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. A homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. These networks are good at pattern recognition. They are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. They do not require explicit programming. Computational Neural Networks,Connectionist Models,Models, Neural Network,Neural Network Models,Neural Networks (Computer),Perceptrons,Computational Neural Network,Computer Neural Network,Computer Neural Networks,Connectionist Model,Model, Connectionist,Model, Neural Network,Models, Connectionist,Network Model, Neural,Network Models, Neural,Network, Computational Neural,Network, Computer Neural,Network, Neural (Computer),Networks, Computational Neural,Networks, Computer Neural,Networks, Neural (Computer),Neural Network (Computer),Neural Network Model,Neural Network, Computational,Neural Network, Computer,Neural Networks, Computational,Perceptron
D058067 Wavelet Analysis Signal and data processing method that uses decomposition of wavelets to approximate, estimate, or compress signals with finite time and frequency domains. It represents a signal or data in terms of a fast decaying wavelet series from the original prototype wavelet, called the mother wavelet. This mathematical algorithm has been adopted widely in biomedical disciplines for data and signal processing in noise removal and audio/image compression (e.g., EEG and MRI). Spatiotemporal Wavelet Analysis,Wavelet Signal Processing,Wavelet Transform,Analyses, Spatiotemporal Wavelet,Analyses, Wavelet,Analysis, Spatiotemporal Wavelet,Analysis, Wavelet,Processing, Wavelet Signal,Processings, Wavelet Signal,Signal Processing, Wavelet,Signal Processings, Wavelet,Spatiotemporal Wavelet Analyses,Transform, Wavelet,Transforms, Wavelet,Wavelet Analyses,Wavelet Analyses, Spatiotemporal,Wavelet Analysis, Spatiotemporal,Wavelet Signal Processings,Wavelet Transforms
D060388 Support Vector Machine SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING algorithm which learns to assign labels to objects from a set of training examples. Examples are learning to recognize fraudulent credit card activity by examining hundreds or thousands of fraudulent and non-fraudulent credit card activity, or learning to make disease diagnosis or prognosis based on automatic classification of microarray gene expression profiles drawn from hundreds or thousands of samples. Support Vector Network,Machine, Support Vector,Machines, Support Vector,Network, Support Vector,Networks, Support Vector,Support Vector Machines,Support Vector Networks,Vector Machine, Support,Vector Machines, Support,Vector Network, Support,Vector Networks, Support

Related Publications

Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
January 2021, Entropy (Basel, Switzerland),
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
January 2004, Journal of medical engineering & technology,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
January 2014, Studies in health technology and informatics,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
January 2018, Frontiers in physiology,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
July 2025, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
July 2020, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
June 2023, Studies in health technology and informatics,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
August 2021, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland),
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
October 2020, Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society,
Andries Meintjes, and Andrew Lowe, and Malcolm Legget
November 2019, IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics,
Copied contents to your clipboard!