Neuroendocrine neoplasms: current and potential diagnostic, predictive and prognostic markers. 2019

Aura D Herrera-Martínez, and Leo J Hofland, and María A Gálvez Moreno, and Justo P Castaño, and Wouter W de Herder, and Richard A Feelders
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Some biomarkers for functioning and non-functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are currently available. Despite their application in clinical practice, results should be interpreted cautiously. Considering the variable sensitivity and specificity of these parameters, there is an unmet need for novel biomarkers to improve diagnosis and predict patient outcome. Nowadays, several new biomarkers are being evaluated and may become future tools for the management of NENs. These biomarkers include (1) peptides and growth factors; (2) DNA and RNA markers based on genomics analysis, for example, the so-called NET test, which has been developed for analyzing gene transcripts in circulating blood; (3) circulating tumor/endothelial/progenitor cells or cell-free tumor DNA, which represent minimally invasive methods that would provide additional information for monitoring treatment response and (4) improved imaging techniques with novel radiolabeled somatostatin analogs or peptides. Below we summarize some future directions in the development of novel diagnostic and predictive/prognostic biomarkers in NENs. This review is focused on circulating and selected tissue markers.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009360 Neoplastic Cells, Circulating Exfoliate neoplastic cells circulating in the blood and associated with metastasizing tumors. Circulating Neoplastic Cells,Embolic Tumor Cells,Embolism, Tumor,Neoplasm Circulating Cells,Tumor Cells, Embolic,Cells, Neoplasm Circulating,Circulating Cells, Neoplasm,Circulating Tumor Cells,Cell, Circulating Neoplastic,Cell, Circulating Tumor,Cell, Embolic Tumor,Cell, Neoplasm Circulating,Cells, Circulating Neoplastic,Cells, Circulating Tumor,Cells, Embolic Tumor,Circulating Neoplastic Cell,Circulating Tumor Cell,Embolic Tumor Cell,Embolisms, Tumor,Neoplasm Circulating Cell,Neoplastic Cell, Circulating,Tumor Cell, Circulating,Tumor Cell, Embolic,Tumor Cells, Circulating,Tumor Embolism,Tumor Embolisms
D010455 Peptides Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are considered to be larger versions of peptides that can form into complex structures such as ENZYMES and RECEPTORS. Peptide,Polypeptide,Polypeptides
D011379 Prognosis A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations. Prognostic Factor,Prognostic Factors,Factor, Prognostic,Factors, Prognostic,Prognoses
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000073888 Cell-Free Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) found circulating in SERUM; PLASMA; or other BODY FLUIDS. Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acid,Circulating Nucleic Acid,Cell-Free DNA,Cell-Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid,Cell-Free Nucleic Acid,Cell-Free RNA,Cell-Free Ribonucleic Acid,Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids,Circulating DNA,Circulating Nucleic Acids,Circulating RNA,cfDNA,cfRNA,cirDNA,cirRNA,Acid, Cell-Free Deoxyribonucleic,Acid, Cell-Free Ribonucleic,Acid, Circulating Nucleic,Acids, Circulating Nucleic,Cell Free DNA,Cell Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid,Cell Free Nucleic Acid,Cell Free Nucleic Acids,Cell Free RNA,Cell Free Ribonucleic Acid,Circulating Cell Free Nucleic Acid,Circulating Cell Free Nucleic Acids,DNA, Cell-Free,DNA, Circulating,Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Cell-Free,Nucleic Acid, Cell-Free,Nucleic Acid, Circulating,Nucleic Acids, Cell-Free,Nucleic Acids, Circulating,RNA, Cell-Free,RNA, Circulating,Ribonucleic Acid, Cell-Free
D014408 Biomarkers, Tumor Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or BODY FLUIDS. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including HORMONES; ANTIGENS; amino and NUCLEIC ACIDS; ENZYMES; POLYAMINES; and specific CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. Biochemical Tumor Marker,Cancer Biomarker,Carcinogen Markers,Markers, Tumor,Metabolite Markers, Neoplasm,Tumor Biomarker,Tumor Marker,Tumor Markers, Biochemical,Tumor Markers, Biological,Biochemical Tumor Markers,Biological Tumor Marker,Biological Tumor Markers,Biomarkers, Cancer,Marker, Biochemical Tumor,Marker, Biologic Tumor,Marker, Biological Tumor,Marker, Neoplasm Metabolite,Marker, Tumor Metabolite,Markers, Biochemical Tumor,Markers, Biological Tumor,Markers, Neoplasm Metabolite,Markers, Tumor Metabolite,Metabolite Markers, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Markers,Tumor Markers, Biologic,Tumor Metabolite Marker,Biologic Tumor Marker,Biologic Tumor Markers,Biomarker, Cancer,Biomarker, Tumor,Cancer Biomarkers,Marker, Tumor,Markers, Biologic Tumor,Markers, Carcinogen,Metabolite Marker, Neoplasm,Metabolite Marker, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Marker,Tumor Biomarkers,Tumor Marker, Biochemical,Tumor Marker, Biologic,Tumor Marker, Biological,Tumor Markers,Tumor Metabolite Markers
D018358 Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition. Neuroendocrine Tumor,Tumor, Neuroendocrine,Tumors, Neuroendocrine

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