| D007328 |
Insulin |
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1). |
Iletin,Insulin A Chain,Insulin B Chain,Insulin, Regular,Novolin,Sodium Insulin,Soluble Insulin,Chain, Insulin B,Insulin, Sodium,Insulin, Soluble,Regular Insulin |
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| D010766 |
Phosphorylation |
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. |
Phosphorylations |
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| D002462 |
Cell Membrane |
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
Plasma Membrane,Cytoplasmic Membrane,Cell Membranes,Cytoplasmic Membranes,Membrane, Cell,Membrane, Cytoplasmic,Membrane, Plasma,Membranes, Cell,Membranes, Cytoplasmic,Membranes, Plasma,Plasma Membranes |
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| D005947 |
Glucose |
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. |
Dextrose,Anhydrous Dextrose,D-Glucose,Glucose Monohydrate,Glucose, (DL)-Isomer,Glucose, (alpha-D)-Isomer,Glucose, (beta-D)-Isomer,D Glucose,Dextrose, Anhydrous,Monohydrate, Glucose |
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| D006801 |
Humans |
Members of the species Homo sapiens. |
Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man |
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| D015398 |
Signal Transduction |
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. |
Cell Signaling,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Pathways,Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Transduction Pathways,Signal Transduction Systems,Pathway, Signal,Pathway, Signal Transduction,Pathways, Signal,Pathways, Signal Transduction,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions,Signal Pathway,Signal Transduction Pathway,Signal Transduction System,Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated,Signal Transductions,Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated,System, Signal Transduction,Systems, Signal Transduction,Transduction, Signal,Transductions, Signal |
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| D016632 |
Apolipoprotein A-I |
The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE. |
Apo A-I,Apo A-1,Apo A-I Isoproteins,Apo A1,Apo AI,ApoA-1,ApoA-I,Apolipoprotein A-1,Apolipoprotein A-I Isoprotein-2,Apolipoprotein A-I Isoprotein-4,Apolipoprotein A-I Isoproteins,Apolipoprotein A1,Apolipoprotein AI,Apolipoprotein AI Propeptide,Pro-Apo A-I,Pro-Apolipoprotein A-I,Proapolipoprotein AI,Apo A I Isoproteins,Apolipoprotein A 1,Apolipoprotein A I,Apolipoprotein A I Isoprotein 2,Apolipoprotein A I Isoprotein 4,Apolipoprotein A I Isoproteins,Pro Apo A I,Pro Apolipoprotein A I |
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| D051122 |
Scavenger Receptors, Class B |
A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. |
SR-B Proteins |
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| D051275 |
Glucose Transporter Type 4 |
A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake. |
GLUT-4 Protein,GLUT4 Protein,Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter,SLC2A4 Protein,Solute Carrier Family 2, Facilitated Glucose Transporter, Member 4 Protein,GLUT 4 Protein,Glucose Transporter, Insulin-Responsive,Insulin Responsive Glucose Transporter |
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| D055504 |
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins |
A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share an N-terminal PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY DOMAIN, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling. |
IRS Signaling Adaptor Proteins,Insulin Receptor Substrate-1,Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate-2,Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate-3,Insulin Receptor Substrate-3 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate-4,Insulin Receptor Substrate-4 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate 1,Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate 2,Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate 3,Insulin Receptor Substrate 3 Protein,Insulin Receptor Substrate 4,Insulin Receptor Substrate 4 Protein |
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