Measuring network disruption in neurodegenerative diseases: New approaches using signal analysis. 2019

Roisin McMackin, and Muthuraman Muthuraman, and Sergiu Groppa, and Claudio Babiloni, and John-Paul Taylor, and Matthew C Kiernan, and Bahman Nasseroleslami, and Orla Hardiman
Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Advanced neuroimaging has increased understanding of the pathogenesis and spread of disease, and offered new therapeutic targets. MRI and positron emission tomography have shown that neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with changes in brain networks. However, the underlying neurophysiological pathways driving pathological processes are poorly defined. The gap between what imaging can discern and underlying pathophysiology can now be addressed by advanced techniques that explore the cortical neural synchronisation, excitability and functional connectivity that underpin cognitive, motor, sensory and other functions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can show changes in focal excitability in cortical and transcortical motor circuits, while electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography can now record cortical neural synchronisation and connectivity with good temporal and spatial resolution.Here we reflect on the most promising new approaches to measuring network disruption in AD, LBD, PD, FTD, MS, and ALS. We consider the most groundbreaking and clinically promising studies in this field. We outline the limitations of these techniques and how they can be tackled and discuss how these novel approaches can assist in clinical trials by predicting and monitoring progression of neurophysiological changes underpinning clinical symptomatology.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009415 Nerve Net A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction. Neural Networks (Anatomic),Nerve Nets,Net, Nerve,Nets, Nerve,Network, Neural (Anatomic),Networks, Neural (Anatomic),Neural Network (Anatomic)
D010300 Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75) Idiopathic Parkinson Disease,Lewy Body Parkinson Disease,Paralysis Agitans,Primary Parkinsonism,Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease,Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease,Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic,Parkinson's Disease,Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic,Parkinson's Disease, Lewy Body,Parkinsonism, Primary
D004569 Electroencephalography Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. EEG,Electroencephalogram,Electroencephalograms
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000544 Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) Acute Confusional Senile Dementia,Alzheimer's Diseases,Dementia, Alzheimer Type,Dementia, Senile,Presenile Alzheimer Dementia,Senile Dementia, Alzheimer Type,Alzheimer Dementia,Alzheimer Disease, Early Onset,Alzheimer Disease, Late Onset,Alzheimer Sclerosis,Alzheimer Syndrome,Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia,Alzheimer's Disease,Alzheimer's Disease, Focal Onset,Alzheimer-Type Dementia (ATD),Dementia, Presenile,Dementia, Primary Senile Degenerative,Early Onset Alzheimer Disease,Familial Alzheimer Disease (FAD),Focal Onset Alzheimer's Disease,Late Onset Alzheimer Disease,Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia,Senile Dementia, Acute Confusional,Alzheimer Dementias,Alzheimer Disease, Familial (FAD),Alzheimer Diseases,Alzheimer Type Dementia,Alzheimer Type Dementia (ATD),Alzheimers Diseases,Dementia, Alzheimer,Dementia, Alzheimer-Type (ATD),Familial Alzheimer Diseases (FAD),Presenile Dementia,Sclerosis, Alzheimer,Senile Dementia
D000690 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94) ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Lou Gehrig Disease,Motor Neuron Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With Dementia,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Guam Form,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex 1,Charcot Disease,Dementia With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Gehrig's Disease,Guam Disease,Guam Form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Lou Gehrig's Disease,Lou-Gehrigs Disease,ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Parkinsonism Dementia Complex 1,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinsonism Dementia Complex of Guam,Disease, Guam,Disease, Lou-Gehrigs,Gehrig Disease,Gehrigs Disease,Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral
D015225 Magnetoencephalography The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes. Magnetoencephalogram,Magnetoencephalograms
D050781 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Paired Pulse,Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Repetitive,Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Single Pulse,Magnetic Stimulation, Transcranial,Magnetic Stimulations, Transcranial,Stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic,Stimulations, Transcranial Magnetic,Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations
D057180 Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight. DDPAC,Dementia, Frontotemporal,Dementia, Frontotemporal, with Parkinsonism,Dementia, Hereditary Dysphasic Disinhibition,Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amyotrophy Complex,Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amytrophy Complex,FTD-GRN,FTD-PGRN,FTDP-17,FTLD with TDP-43 Pathology,FTLD-17 GRN,FTLD-TDP,Familial Pick's Disease,Frontotemporal Dementia with Parkinsonism,Frontotemporal Dementia with Parkinsonism-17,Frontotemporal Dementia, Ubiquitin-Positive,Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration With Ubiquitin-Positive Inclusions,Frontotemporal Lobe Dementia,Frontotemporal Lobe Dementia (FLDEM),GRN-Related Frontotemporal Dementia,HDDD1,HDDD2,Hereditary Dysphasic Disinhibition Dementia,Multiple System Tauopathy with Presenile Dementia,Semantic Dementia,Wilhelmsen-Lynch Disease,Complex, Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amyotrophy,Complex, Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amytrophy,Complices, Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amyotrophy,Complices, Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amytrophy,Dementia, Frontotemporal Lobe,Dementia, Frontotemporal Lobe (FLDEM),Dementia, GRN-Related Frontotemporal,Dementia, Semantic,Dementia, Ubiquitin-Positive Frontotemporal,Dementias, Frontotemporal,Dementias, Frontotemporal Lobe,Dementias, Frontotemporal Lobe (FLDEM),Dementias, GRN-Related Frontotemporal,Dementias, Semantic,Dementias, Ubiquitin-Positive Frontotemporal,Disease, Familial Pick's,Disease, Wilhelmsen-Lynch,Diseases, Familial Pick's,Diseases, Wilhelmsen-Lynch,Disinhibition Dementia Parkinsonism Amyotrophy Complex,Disinhibition Dementia Parkinsonism Amytrophy Complex,Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amyotrophy Complices,Disinhibition-Dementia-Parkinsonism-Amytrophy Complices,FTLD with TDP 43 Pathology,Familial Pick Disease,Familial Pick's Diseases,Familial Picks Disease,Frontotemporal Dementia with Parkinsonism 17,Frontotemporal Dementia, GRN-Related,Frontotemporal Dementia, Ubiquitin Positive,Frontotemporal Dementias,Frontotemporal Dementias, GRN-Related,Frontotemporal Dementias, Ubiquitin-Positive,Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration With Ubiquitin Positive Inclusions,Frontotemporal Lobe Dementias,Frontotemporal Lobe Dementias (FLDEM),GRN Related Frontotemporal Dementia,GRN-Related Frontotemporal Dementias,Lobe Dementia, Frontotemporal,Lobe Dementias, Frontotemporal,Pick's Disease, Familial,Pick's Diseases, Familial,Semantic Dementias,Ubiquitin-Positive Frontotemporal Dementia,Ubiquitin-Positive Frontotemporal Dementias,Wilhelmsen Lynch Disease,Wilhelmsen-Lynch Diseases
D019636 Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. Degenerative Diseases, Nervous System,Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System,Degenerative Diseases, Neurologic,Degenerative Diseases, Spinal Cord,Degenerative Neurologic Diseases,Degenerative Neurologic Disorders,Nervous System Degenerative Diseases,Neurodegenerative Disorders,Neurologic Degenerative Conditions,Neurologic Degenerative Diseases,Neurologic Diseases, Degenerative,Degenerative Condition, Neurologic,Degenerative Conditions, Neurologic,Degenerative Neurologic Disease,Degenerative Neurologic Disorder,Neurodegenerative Disease,Neurodegenerative Disorder,Neurologic Degenerative Condition,Neurologic Degenerative Disease,Neurologic Disease, Degenerative,Neurologic Disorder, Degenerative,Neurologic Disorders, Degenerative

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