Vascular malformations of the orbit (lymphatic, venous, arteriovenous): Diagnosis, management and results. 2019

Giacomo Colletti, and Federico Biglioli, and Tito Poli, and Margherita Dessy, and Marco Cucurullo, and Mario Petrillo, and Stavros Tombris, and Milton Waner, and Enrico Sesenna
University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Maxillo Facial Surgery (Head: Prof. Federico Biglioli), Italy. Electronic address: giacomo.colletti@gmail.com.

Vascular malformations are often found inside the orbit. Isolated venous malformations (frequently misnamed as cavernous hemangiomas) are the most frequent among these. However, also lymphatic and arteriovenous malformations can affect the orbit. The complex anatomy of the orbit and the fact that its content easily suffers from compartmental syndrome explain why treating orbital vascular malformations can be challenging and technically demanding. In this study, two institutions have retrospectively collected their cases, consisting in a total of 69 vascular malformations of the orbit. Each type of malformation has been evaluated separately in terms of diagnosis, indications for treatment, techniques and outcomes. Moreover, the authors have analyzed in detail venous malformations, identifying three different types, named orbital venous malformation (OVM) 1, 2 and 3. These behave differently from each other, and a prompt differential diagnosis is mandatory to pose correct indications, minimize risks and improve results. Overall, surgery was the technique of choice for OVM1, microcystic lymphatic malformations (LM) and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). A pure transnasal approach with mass removal and reconstruction of the medial wall with polyethylene sheets was chosen for OVM1 (intra- or extraconal) located in the medial or superomedial compartment. Sclerotherapy had a role in treating macrocystic LM and OVM3.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009915 Orbit Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages. Eye Socket,Eye Sockets,Orbits,Socket, Eye,Sockets, Eye
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D001165 Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas. Arteriovenous Malformation,Malformation, Arteriovenous,Malformations, Arteriovenous
D012189 Retrospective Studies Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons. Retrospective Study,Studies, Retrospective,Study, Retrospective
D014680 Veins The vessels carrying blood away from the CAPILLARY BEDS. Vein
D044148 Lymphatic Abnormalities Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels. Abnormalities, Lymphatic,Abnormality, Lymphatic,Lymphatic Abnormality
D054079 Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases. Malformation, Vascular,Malformations, Vascular,Vascular Malformation

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