Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry pitfalls in Thalassemia Major. 2019

Fabio Pellegrino, and Maria Chiara Zatelli, and Marta Bondanelli, and Aldo Carnevale, and Corrado Cittanti, and Monica Fortini, and Maria Rita Gamberini, and Melchiore Giganti, and Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Radiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Low mineral mass and reduced bone strength with increased fracture risk are the main causes of morbidity in Thalassemia Major (TM). The pathogenesis is multifactorial and includes ineffective erythropoiesis with medullary expansion, multiple endocrine dysfunctions, direct iron bone deposition, deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia, and reduced physical activity associated with disease complications. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the "gold standard" for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment and for bone strength and quality evaluation. This method identifies patients at greater risk of fragility fractures, guiding treatment and monitoring response to therapy. In TM, DXA shows limitations concerning BMD calculation accuracy and fracture risk prediction. One of the main challenges in the assessment of bone health in patients with TM is the accurate interpretation of densitometric results. This review investigates the major pitfalls in DXA implementation and interpretation in TM. Available literature has been assessed. DXA shows limitations in assessing bone mineral "status" in TM, especially in the paediatric population, due to the peculiar characteristics of bone architecture and deformities associated with the disease. A radiological technique adjustment in this population is mandatory.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D015203 Reproducibility of Results The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results. Reliability and Validity,Reliability of Result,Reproducibility Of Result,Reproducibility of Finding,Validity of Result,Validity of Results,Face Validity,Reliability (Epidemiology),Reliability of Results,Reproducibility of Findings,Test-Retest Reliability,Validity (Epidemiology),Finding Reproducibilities,Finding Reproducibility,Of Result, Reproducibility,Of Results, Reproducibility,Reliabilities, Test-Retest,Reliability, Test-Retest,Result Reliabilities,Result Reliability,Result Validities,Result Validity,Result, Reproducibility Of,Results, Reproducibility Of,Test Retest Reliability,Validity and Reliability,Validity, Face
D015502 Absorptiometry, Photon A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION. Absorptiometry, X-Ray,Dual-Photon Absorptiometry,Photodensitometry, X-Ray,Photon Absorptiometry,Single-Photon Absorptiometry,X-Ray Absorptiometry,Absorptiometry, Dual X-Ray,Absorptiometry, Dual-Energy Radiographic,Absorptiometry, Dual-Energy X-Ray,DEXA Scan,DPX Absorptiometry,DXA Scan,Densitometry, X-Ray,Densitometry, Xray,Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry,Dual-Energy Radiographic Absorptiometry,Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry,Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan,Radiographic Absorptiometry, Dual-Energy,X-Ray Absorptiometry, Dual-Energy,X-Ray Photodensitometry,Absorptiometries, DPX,Absorptiometry, DPX,Absorptiometry, Dual Energy Radiographic,Absorptiometry, Dual Energy X Ray,Absorptiometry, Dual X Ray,Absorptiometry, Dual-Photon,Absorptiometry, Single-Photon,Absorptiometry, X Ray,DEXA Scans,DXA Scans,Densitometry, X Ray,Dual Energy Radiographic Absorptiometry,Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry,Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry Scan,Dual Photon Absorptiometry,Dual X Ray Absorptiometry,Photodensitometry, X Ray,Radiographic Absorptiometry, Dual Energy,Scan, DEXA,Scan, DXA,Scans, DEXA,Scans, DXA,Single Photon Absorptiometry,X Ray Absorptiometry,X Ray Absorptiometry, Dual Energy,X Ray Photodensitometry,X-Ray Absorptiometry, Dual,X-Ray Densitometry,Xray Densitometry
D017086 beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent. Anemia, Cooley's,Anemia, Erythroblastic,Anemia, Mediterranean,Hemoglobin F Disease,Thalassemia Major,Thalassemia Minor,Erythroblastic Anemia,Mediterranean Anemia,Microcytemia, beta Type,Thalassemia Intermedia,Thalassemia Major (beta-Thalassemia Major),Thalassemia Minor (beta-Thalassemia Minor),Thalassemia, beta Type,beta Thalassemia,Anemia, Cooley,Anemia, Cooleys,Anemias, Erythroblastic,Anemias, Mediterranean,Cooley's Anemia,Disease, Hemoglobin F,Intermedia, Thalassemia,Intermedias, Thalassemia,Major, Thalassemia (beta-Thalassemia Major),Majors, Thalassemia (beta-Thalassemia Major),Mediterranean Anemias,Microcytemias, beta Type,Minor, Thalassemia (beta-Thalassemia Minor),Minors, Thalassemia (beta-Thalassemia Minor),Thalassemia Intermedias,Thalassemia Major (beta Thalassemia Major),Thalassemia Majors (beta-Thalassemia Major),Thalassemia Minor (beta Thalassemia Minor),Thalassemia Minors (beta-Thalassemia Minor),Thalassemia, beta,Thalassemias, beta,Thalassemias, beta Type,Type Microcytemia, beta,Type Microcytemias, beta,Type Thalassemia, beta,Type Thalassemias, beta,beta Thalassemias,beta Type Microcytemia,beta Type Microcytemias,beta Type Thalassemia,beta Type Thalassemias

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