Interplay between intracellular loop 1 and helix VIII of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor controls its activation. 2019

Alexandre Connolly, and Brian J Holleran, and Élie Simard, and Jean-Patrice Baillargeon, and Pierre Lavigne, and Richard Leduc
Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.

The signaling mechanisms of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), a heptahelical receptor, have not yet been clearly and completely defined. In the present contribution, we set out to identify the molecular determinants involved in AT2R activation. Although AT2R has not been shown to engage Gq/11, G12, Gi2, and β-arrestin (βarr) pathways as does the AT1R upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation, the atypical positioning of helix VIII in the recently published AT2R structure may play a role in the receptor's capacity to couple to downstream effectors. In the AT2R structure, helix VIII points inwards and towards intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) to form tertiary interactions with transmembrane domain 6 (TM6), possibly impeding access to signaling effectors. On the other hand, in most class A GPCRs, helix VIII is found to be engaged in tertiary interactions with ICL1 and away from the effector binding site. Upon closer examination of the AT2R structure, we found that the residues contained within intracellular loop 1 (ICL1) may be involved in driving this unusual conformation of helix VIII. To explore this hypothesis, we designed a series of AT1R/AT2R receptor chimeras to validate the roles of ICL1 and helix VIII in AT2R signaling. Substituting the AT1R ICL1 into AT2R led to a mutant receptor that coupled to Gi2. The substitution of the helix VIII and C-terminal domains of AT2R into the AT1R backbone led to a mutant receptor that retained AT1R-like signaling properties. These results suggest that the C-terminal portion of AT2R is compatible with canonical GPCR signaling and that ICL1 of AT2R is involved in repositioning helix VIII, which impedes engagement of classical GPCR effectors such as G proteins or βarrs.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007425 Intracellular Membranes Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES. Membranes, Intracellular,Intracellular Membrane,Membrane, Intracellular
D004305 Dose-Response Relationship, Drug The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug. Dose Response Relationship, Drug,Dose-Response Relationships, Drug,Drug Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Dose-Response Relationships,Relationship, Drug Dose-Response,Relationships, Drug Dose-Response
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000804 Angiotensin II An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS. Angiotensin II, Ile(5)-,Angiotensin II, Val(5)-,5-L-Isoleucine Angiotensin II,ANG-(1-8)Octapeptide,Angiotensin II, Isoleucine(5)-,Angiotensin II, Valine(5)-,Angiotensin-(1-8) Octapeptide,Isoleucine(5)-Angiotensin,Isoleucyl(5)-Angiotensin II,Valyl(5)-Angiotensin II,5 L Isoleucine Angiotensin II,Angiotensin II, 5-L-Isoleucine
D001665 Binding Sites The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. Combining Site,Binding Site,Combining Sites,Site, Binding,Site, Combining,Sites, Binding,Sites, Combining
D017433 Protein Structure, Secondary The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to ALPHA-HELICES; BETA-STRANDS (which align to form BETA-SHEETS), or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation. Secondary Protein Structure,Protein Structures, Secondary,Secondary Protein Structures,Structure, Secondary Protein,Structures, Secondary Protein
D017434 Protein Structure, Tertiary The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (ALPHA HELICES; BETA SHEETS; loop regions, and AMINO ACID MOTIFS) pack together to form folded shapes. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Tertiary Protein Structure,Protein Structures, Tertiary,Tertiary Protein Structures
D044139 Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor,Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor,Receptor, Angiotensin II Type 2,Angiotensin AT2 Receptor,AT2 Receptor, Angiotensin,Receptor, Angiotensin AT2
D057809 HEK293 Cells A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5. 293T Cells,HEK 293 Cell Line,HEK 293 Cells,Human Embryonic Kidney Cell Line 293,Human Kidney Cell Line 293,293 Cell, HEK,293 Cells, HEK,293T Cell,Cell, 293T,Cell, HEK 293,Cell, HEK293,Cells, 293T,Cells, HEK 293,Cells, HEK293,HEK 293 Cell,HEK293 Cell
D018257 Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS. HLH Motifs,Helix-Loop-Helix Domain,Helix-Loop-Helix Domains,Helix-Loop-Helix Motif,Motifs, Helix-Loop-Helix,HLH Motif,Helix Loop Helix Domain,Helix Loop Helix Domains,Helix Loop Helix Motif,Helix Loop Helix Motifs,Motif, HLH,Motif, Helix-Loop-Helix,Motifs, HLH,Motifs, Helix Loop Helix

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