Autophagy is a major intracellular proteolytic process that contributes to the maintenance of protein homeostasis. Recent studies reported the induction of autophagy in the uterus and proximal tibias of ovariectomized (OVX) rodents, which was blocked by the injection of ovarian hormones. However, whether OVX and ovarian hormone treatment can regulate autophagy in the liver has not been clarified. Recently, it was revealed that autophagy is closely involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of OVX on autophagy in the rat liver as a first step to clarify the relationship between hepatic fat accumulation and the change in autophagy caused by OVX. We found that hepatic autophagy tended to be lower in OVX rats than in sham-operated rats. In addition, hepatic autophagy in OVX rats was induced by short-term exposure to ovarian hormones, especially progesterone. This study suggests that autophagy in the rat liver is suppressed by OVX and activated by progesterone. However, the autophagy-promoting effect of β-estradiol was not clarified.