Pubertal development is a complex physiological process regulated by the neuroendocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Sexual precocity is a common childhood endocrine disease.The pathogenesis of sexual precocity has not been fully elucidated. RFRP3/GPRl47 signal pathway is able to inhibit the reproductive capability in avians and mammals, probably by acting on the GnRH neuron and pituitary to regulate gonadotrophin synthesis and release. However, little is known about the role of RFRP3 in puberty development and sexual precocity. To observe the dynamic changes of RFamide related peptide 3/G proteincoupled receptor 147 (RFRP3/GPR147) in hypothalamic during puberty development and explore their role in precocious puberty based on a female rat model. The Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into three groups, normal, vehicle, and precocious puberty model. At 5 days old, the rat model with precocious puberty was prepared by subcutaneously injecting a mixture of danazoldissolved ethanol and glycol. At different day-age (15, 25, 30, 35, and 40 days), the levels of estradiol(E2), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the peripheral blood were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions of RFRP3, gonadotropin releasing hormone and GPR147 were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(R-T PCR). RFRP3 positive cells were observed using Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. At 25 and 30 days, the levels of sex hormones and the uterus coefficients were significantly higher in the precocious puberty model group than those in the normal and vehicle groups. The ovarian morphological development in the precocious puberty model rats was significantly earlier than those in the normal and vehicle groups. The mRNA expressions of RFRP3/GPR147 and GnRH in the precocious puberty model group gradually increased and peaked at 25 days. The different day-age and the interaction have significant statistical significance on the expression of RFRP3 mRNA, while the levels of RFRP3 mRNA in the model group and vehicle groups have no significant statistical significance. There was statistical significance between the model group and vehicle groups in different day-age on the expression of GPR147 mRNA.The expression of hypothalamic RFRP3/GPR147 mRNA and RFRP3 positive cells gradually decreased with puberty onset. At 35 days, the levels of RFRP3 mRNA and GPR147 mRNA were significantly lower in the precocious puberty model group than those in the vehicle groups. Meanwhile, the levels of LH in the precocious puberty model rats reached its peak at this age. In the vehicle group, the levels of RFRP3 mRNA and serum LH were gradually increased and LH nearly peaked at 35 day-age. Subsequently, it gradually decreased and reached the lowest level at 35 day-age. The expression of RFRP3 mRNA and LH were positively correlated. The findings suggested that RFRP3/GPR147 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of sexual precocity by regulating puberty development and sexual maturity in rats.