The distribution of axons according to diameter has been examined in the optic nerve of old world monkeys. Axon diameters were measured from electron micrographs, and histograms were constructed at regular intervals across a section through the optic nerve to reveal the local axon diameter distribution. The total axon diameter distribution was also estimated. Fine-calibre optic axons (less than 2.0 micron in diameter) are found at all locations across the optic nerve. They are most frequent centrotemporally, where very few coarse optic axons can be found, but also make up the majority at the optic nerve's periphery. Coarse optic axons (greater than 2.0 microns in diameter) are increasingly common at progressively peripheral positions in the nerve. Around the nerve's circumference, these coarse optic axons are least numerous temporally, and most common dorsonasally. The axon diameter distribution peaks around 1.25 microns at most locations across the optic nerve, but there are more, slightly larger (1.5-2.0 microns), optic axons dorsally than ventrally. The estimated total axon diameter distribution is unimodal, peaking at 1.0-1.25 microns, with an extended tail towards larger diameters. This centroperipheral gradient of increasing axon diameters across the optic nerve is not substantial enough to account for the partial segregation of axons by size in the monkey's optic tract: there, coarse optic axons form a conspicuously greater proportion of the local axon diameter distribution along the tract's superficial (sub-pial) border, and fine optic axons are the only axons present near the tract's deep border. Hence, the fibre distribution in the optic tract cannot be formed by a simple combination of the fibre distributions of the two respective half-nerves, as described in the classic neuro-ophthalmologic literature. Rather, the present results, in conjunction with previous results from the optic tract, demonstrate that there must be a reorganization of axons by size in or near the optic chiasm.