M3C: Monte Carlo reference-based consensus clustering. 2020

Christopher R John, and David Watson, and Dominic Russ, and Katriona Goldmann, and Michael Ehrenstein, and Costantino Pitzalis, and Myles Lewis, and Michael Barnes
Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. christopher.john@qmul.ac.uk.

Genome-wide data is used to stratify patients into classes for precision medicine using clustering algorithms. A common problem in this area is selection of the number of clusters (K). The Monti consensus clustering algorithm is a widely used method which uses stability selection to estimate K. However, the method has bias towards higher values of K and yields high numbers of false positives. As a solution, we developed Monte Carlo reference-based consensus clustering (M3C), which is based on this algorithm. M3C simulates null distributions of stability scores for a range of K values thus enabling a comparison with real data to remove bias and statistically test for the presence of structure. M3C corrects the inherent bias of consensus clustering as demonstrated on simulated and real expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). For testing M3C, we developed clusterlab, a new method for simulating multivariate Gaussian clusters.

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