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Chemical, enzymatic and biological synthesis of hyaluronic acids. 2020

Jingmin Li, and Meng Qiao, and Yuan Ji, and Lei Lin, and Xing Zhang, and Robert J Linhardt
School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major glycosaminoglycan, a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic hetero-co-polysaccharides. HA is important in various anatomical structures including the eyes, joints, heart and myriad intricate tissues, and is currently widely used in the therapeutics and cosmetics areas. The synthesis of HA of well-defined and uniform chain lengths is of major interest for the development of safer and more reliable drugs and to gain a better understanding of its structure-activity relationships. However, HA has received less attention from the synthetic carbohydrate community compared with other members of the glycosaminoglycan family. In this review, we examine the remarkable progress that has been made in the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of HA, providing a broad spectrum of options to access HA of well controlled chain lengths.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D011134 Polysaccharides Long chain polymeric CARBOHYDRATES composed of MONOSACCHARIDES linked by glycosidic bonds. Glycan,Glycans,Polysaccharide
D002241 Carbohydrates A class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrate
D006025 Glycosaminoglycans Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine (see ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE) or N-acetylgalactosamine (see ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE). Glycosaminoglycan,Mucopolysaccharides
D006820 Hyaluronic Acid A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the UMBILICAL CORD, in VITREOUS BODY and in SYNOVIAL FLUID. A high urinary level is found in PROGERIA. Amo Vitrax,Amvisc,Biolon,Etamucine,Healon,Hyaluronan,Hyaluronate Sodium,Hyvisc,Luronit,Sodium Hyaluronate,Acid, Hyaluronic,Hyaluronate, Sodium,Vitrax, Amo
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013329 Structure-Activity Relationship The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Relationship, Structure-Activity,Relationships, Structure-Activity,Structure Activity Relationship,Structure-Activity Relationships

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