The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent effect of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) paste (ABP) on visceral fat accumulation in rats. ABP is a rich source of indigestible carbohydrates (18.5%) with fiber and resistant starch (RS) contents of 14.5% and 4.0%, respectively. Animals were fed one of the following diets, control (CON), 30% ABP or 58.9% ABP for 28 days. The daily dietary energy intake was lowered (p < 0.05) and reduced visceral fat accumulation and lower serum lipid levels were observed in ABP fed groups. ABP consumption dose-dependently increased (p < 0.05) the daily fecal lipid and fecal acidic sterol excretions. On the other hand, cecal content and fecal moisture content in the 58.9% ABP group were greater (p < 0.05) than the CON group, while there was no significant difference between the two ABP fed groups. Both 30% and 58.9% ABP diets had significantly (p < 0.05) higher contents of cecal acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids, and lowered cecal pH, independently of the ABP dose. Microbial community data of rats fed ABP diets exhibited higher alpha-diversities than the rats fed CON diet, based on the Shannon Index and the number of observed species index, where the two ABP groups exhibited a similar alpha diversity. The weighted UniFrac-based principal coordinate analysis plot of cecal microbial community data showed that the ABP had a substantial effect on the cecal microbial composition. Furthermore, cecal bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the ABP supplemented diets decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. These findings suggested that the cecal fermentation of fiber and RS in ABP, might have decreased the energy intake, altered the gut microbiota composition, increased fecal lipid output, and thereby reduced fat accumulation in rats.