Transplantation is the preferred modality of replacement therapy for most patients with kidney failure. In the United States, more than 3,000 new patients are registered each month on the kidney transplant waiting list for this life-saving therapy. A potential kidney transplant recipient's evaluation typically begins with a referral by the general nephrologist to a transplantation center. In this installment in the Core Curriculum in Nephrology, we endeavor to achieve a shared understanding of the patient factors that contribute to optimal patient and allograft outcomes following kidney transplantation. In addition, we provide a primer on the routine listing, evaluation, testing, and candidate selection process in an effort to demystify the current criteria commonly used by transplantation centers. Issues common to a majority of candidates, including cardiovascular health, frailty as a measure of biological age, history of prior malignancy, and high body mass index are reviewed in detail. With this knowledge, we hope to facilitate improved communication between general and transplantation nephrologists.