X-Linked Familial Focal Epilepsy Associated With Xp22.31 Deletion. 2020

Kenneth A Myers, and Elisabeth Simard-Tremblay, and Christine Saint-Martin
Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: kenneth.myers@mcgill.ca.

The genetic basis for familial focal epilepsy is poorly understood, with most of the known genetic causes occurring via autosomal dominant inheritance. X-linked familial focal epilepsy has not been previously reported. We reviewed our research database for cases of X-linked focal epilepsy. We identified three boys with X-linked ichthyosis and focal epilepsy, including two maternal cousins. Age of seizure onset ranged from seven to 10 years, and all three patients had seizures that were relatively easily controlled. The epilepsy phenotype in all boys was consistent with self-limited focal epilepsy of childhood, most closely resembling childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was normal in two of the boys, with a third found to have a suspected focal cortical dysplasia. All three boys carried maternally inherited hemizygous Xp22.31 deletions (estimated size 0.9 to 1.66 Mb), affecting four to six genes. Of the affected genes, only STS has clear clinical relevance; deletions, and pathogenic variants in STS cause X-linked ichthyosis, although all patients described had only minor skin findings. The findings in these patients illustrate that X-linked familial focal epilepsy can occur, although it is a rare entity. Although STS pathogenic variants are likely better categorized as an epilepsy risk factor, variants in this gene may partially explain the male predominance observed in specific epilepsy phenotypes, namely childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007057 Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. Xeroderma,Ichthyoses,Xerodermas
D008297 Male Males
D010375 Pedigree The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition. Family Tree,Genealogical Tree,Genealogic Tree,Genetic Identity,Identity, Genetic,Family Trees,Genealogic Trees,Genealogical Trees,Genetic Identities,Identities, Genetic,Tree, Family,Tree, Genealogic,Tree, Genealogical,Trees, Family,Trees, Genealogic,Trees, Genealogical
D002648 Child A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL. Children
D004828 Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317) Abdominal Epilepsy,Digestive Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Focal,Epilepsy, Simple Partial,Focal Seizure Disorder,Gelastic Epilepsy,Partial Epilepsy,Partial Seizure Disorder,Seizure Disorder, Partial,Simple Partial Seizures,Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsy,Benign Focal Epilepsy, Childhood,Benign Occipital Epilepsy,Benign Occipital Epilepsy, Childhood,Childhood Benign Focal Epilepsy,Childhood Benign Occipital Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Benign Occipital,Epilepsy, Localization-Related,Epilepsy, Partial,Occipital Lobe Epilepsy,Panayiotopoulos Syndrome,Partial Seizures, Simple, Consciousness Preserved,Rhinencephalic Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Focal,Subclinical Seizure,Uncinate Seizures,Abdominal Epilepsies,Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsies,Benign Occipital Epilepsies,Digestive Epilepsies,Disorders, Focal Seizure,Disorders, Partial Seizure,Epilepsies, Abdominal,Epilepsies, Amygdalo-Hippocampal,Epilepsies, Benign Occipital,Epilepsies, Digestive,Epilepsies, Focal,Epilepsies, Gelastic,Epilepsies, Localization-Related,Epilepsies, Occipital Lobe,Epilepsies, Rhinencephalic,Epilepsies, Simple Partial,Epilepsy, Abdominal,Focal Epilepsies,Focal Epilepsy,Focal Seizure Disorders,Gelastic Epilepsies,Lobe Epilepsy, Occipital,Localization-Related Epilepsies,Localization-Related Epilepsy,Occipital Epilepsies, Benign,Occipital Epilepsy, Benign,Occipital Lobe Epilepsies,Partial Epilepsies,Partial Epilepsies, Simple,Partial Seizure Disorders,Partial Seizures, Simple,Rhinencephalic Epilepsies,Seizure Disorders, Focal,Seizure Disorders, Partial,Seizure, Subclinical,Seizure, Uncinate,Seizures, Simple Partial,Seizures, Subclinical,Seizures, Uncinate,Simple Partial Epilepsies,Subclinical Seizures,Uncinate Seizure
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000073376 Epileptic Syndromes EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology). Epilepsy Syndromes,Familial Epilepsies,Syndromic Epilepsies,Epilepsies, Familial,Epilepsies, Syndromic,Epilepsy Syndrome,Epilepsy, Familial,Epilepsy, Syndromic,Epileptic Syndrome,Familial Epilepsy,Syndromic Epilepsy
D043266 Steryl-Sulfatase An arylsulfatase with high specificity towards sulfated steroids. Defects in this enzyme are the cause of ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED. 3 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Sulfate Sulfatase,Arylsulfatase C,Arylsulphatase C,Cholesterol Sulfatase,Cholesterol Sulfate Sulfatase,DHEA Sulfatase,Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Sulfatase,Estrone Sulfate Sulfatase,Estrone Sulfate Sulfohydrolase,Steroid Sulfatase,Steroid Sulfohydrolase,Steroid Sulphatase,Sterol Sulfatase,Sterylsulfatase,3 Beta Hydroxysteroid Sulfate Sulfatase,Steryl Sulfatase,Sulfatase, Cholesterol,Sulfatase, Cholesterol Sulfate,Sulfatase, DHEA,Sulfatase, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate,Sulfatase, Estrone Sulfate,Sulfatase, Steroid,Sulfatase, Sterol,Sulfate Sulfatase, Cholesterol,Sulfate Sulfatase, Dehydroepiandrosterone,Sulfate Sulfatase, Estrone,Sulfate Sulfohydrolase, Estrone,Sulfohydrolase, Estrone Sulfate,Sulfohydrolase, Steroid,Sulphatase, Steroid
D040181 Genetic Diseases, X-Linked Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases. X-Linked Genetic Diseases,Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked,Disease, X-Linked Genetic,Diseases, X-Linked Genetic,Genetic Disease, X-Linked,Genetic Diseases, X Chromosome Linked,Genetic Diseases, X Linked,X Linked Genetic Diseases,X-Linked Genetic Disease
D041321 Chromosomes, Human, X The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans. X Chromosome, Human,Chromosome, Human X,Chromosomes, Human X,Human X Chromosome,Human X Chromosomes,X Chromosomes, Human

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