Biomaterial Database

Treatment of Blepharospasm and Oromandibular Dystonia with Botulinum Toxins. 2020

Travis J W Hassell, and David Charles

Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Suite A-1106 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia are focal dystonias characterized by involuntary and often patterned, repetitive muscle contractions. There is a long history of medical and surgical therapies, with the current first-line therapy, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), becoming standard of care in 1989. This comprehensive review utilized MEDLINE and PubMed and provides an overview of the history of these focal dystonias, BoNT, and the use of toxin to treat them. We present the levels of clinical evidence for each toxin for both, focal dystonias and offer guidance for muscle and site selection as well as dosing.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008336	Mandibular Diseases	Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	Disease, Mandibular,Diseases, Mandibular,Mandibular Disease
D009135	Muscular Diseases	Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	Muscle Disorders,Myopathies,Myopathic Conditions,Muscle Disorder,Muscular Disease,Myopathic Condition,Myopathy
D009465	Neuromuscular Agents	Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.	Skeletal Muscle Relaxants,Neuromuscular Effect,Neuromuscular Effects,Agents, Neuromuscular,Effect, Neuromuscular,Effects, Neuromuscular,Muscle Relaxants, Skeletal,Relaxants, Skeletal Muscle
D001764	Blepharospasm	Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	Blepharospasms
D001905	Botulinum Toxins	Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.	Botulin,Botulinum Neurotoxin,Botulinum Neurotoxins,Clostridium botulinum Toxins,Botulinum Toxin,Neurotoxin, Botulinum,Neurotoxins, Botulinum,Toxin, Botulinum,Toxins, Botulinum,Toxins, Clostridium botulinum
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D020821	Dystonic Disorders	Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	Familial Dystonia,Focal Dystonia,Pseudodystonia,Writer's Cramp,Adult-Onset Dystonias,Adult-Onset Idiopathic Focal Dystonias,Adult-Onset Idiopathic Torsion Dystonias,Autosomal Dominant Familial Dystonia,Autosomal Recessive Familial Dystonia,Childhood Onset Dystonias,Dystonia Disorders,Dystonia, Hereditary,Dystonia, Primary,Dystonia, Psychogenic,Dystonia, Secondary,Dystonias, Sporadic,Familial Dystonia, Autosomal Dominant,Familial Dystonia, Autosomal Recessive,Familial Dystonia, Idiopathic,Secondary Dystonia,Adult Onset Dystonias,Adult Onset Idiopathic Focal Dystonias,Adult Onset Idiopathic Torsion Dystonias,Adult-Onset Dystonia,Childhood Onset Dystonia,Dystonia Disorder,Dystonia, Adult-Onset,Dystonia, Childhood Onset,Dystonia, Familial,Dystonia, Focal,Dystonia, Idiopathic Familial,Dystonia, Sporadic,Dystonias, Adult-Onset,Dystonias, Childhood Onset,Dystonias, Familial,Dystonias, Focal,Dystonias, Hereditary,Dystonias, Idiopathic Familial,Dystonias, Primary,Dystonias, Psychogenic,Dystonias, Secondary,Dystonic Disorder,Familial Dystonias,Familial Dystonias, Idiopathic,Focal Dystonias,Hereditary Dystonia,Hereditary Dystonias,Idiopathic Familial Dystonia,Idiopathic Familial Dystonias,Primary Dystonia,Primary Dystonias,Pseudodystonias,Psychogenic Dystonia,Psychogenic Dystonias,Secondary Dystonias,Sporadic Dystonia,Sporadic Dystonias,Writer Cramp,Writers Cramp