Few studies thus far have investigated whether perception of distorted speech is consistent across different types of distortion. This study investigated whether participants show a consistent perceptual profile across three speech distortions: time-compressed, noise-vocoded, and speech in noise. Additionally, this study investigated whether/how individual differences in performance on a battery of audiological and cognitive tasks links to perception. Eighty-eight participants completed a speeded sentence-verification task with increases in accuracy and reductions in response times used to indicate performance. Audiological and cognitive task measures include pure tone audiometry, speech recognition threshold, working memory, vocabulary knowledge, attention switching, and pattern analysis. Despite previous studies suggesting that temporal and spectral/environmental perception require different lexical or phonological mechanisms, this study shows significant positive correlations in accuracy and response time performance across all distortions. Results of a principal component analysis and multiple linear regressions suggest that a component based on vocabulary knowledge and working memory predicted performance in the speech in quiet, time-compressed and speech in noise conditions. These results suggest that listeners employ a similar cognitive strategy to perceive different temporal and spectral/environmental speech distortions and that this mechanism is supported by vocabulary knowledge and working memory.