BACKGROUND The aircraft cockpit is a highly intensive human-computer interaction system, and its design directly affects flight safety. OBJECTIVE To optimize the display interface design in complex flight tasks, the present study aimed to propose a dynamic conceptual framework and a timeline task analysis method for the quantization of the dynamic time effect of mental workload and the influencing factors of task types in the mental workload prediction model. METHODS The multi-factor mental workload prediction model based on attention resource allocation was integrated to establish the dynamic prediction model of mental workload. The ergonomics simulation experiment was carried out by recording the data on the performance of embedded subtasks, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) subjective evaluation, and eye tracking. RESULTS The results indicated that the prediction model had a good prediction accuracy and effectiveness under different simulated interfaces and complex tasks, and the real-time monitoring of pilots' mental workload state was realized. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the prediction model and the experimental method could be applied to avoid the overload of the pilot throughout the flight phase by optimizing the display interface and adjusting the flight task.