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The ability of alveolar macrophages (AM) to release hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an indicator of AM function, was studied in five children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related complex and, for comparison, in 11 children without disorders of the lung parenchyma. In the AIDS-related complex group, pulmonary manifestations were mild, and lung involvement was suspected by moderate clinical and/or radiological features. None had a past history of opportunistic infections; neither did any have lymphopenia. Cytologic study of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid revealed increased cellularity with increased percentage of lymphocytes. The study of H2O2 release was performed on unstimulated AM and on AM stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Under both experimental conditions, the amount of H2O2 accumulated in the medium was significantly increased in the group with AIDS-related complex (P less than 0.001). As no enhanced oxidative activity has been reported in AM from patients with full-blown AIDS, an increased ability of AM to release oxygen metabolites from children with AIDS-related complex may reflect an initial and temporary step in the course of the LAV/HTLV-III pulmonary disease. Determining AM activation might be a reliable method of assessing the evolution of lung disorder in AIDS.
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