Anisotropy is a key factor regarding mechanical or transport properties and thus the functionality of porous materials. However, the ability to deliberately design the pore structure of hierarchically organized porous networks toward anisotropic features is limited. Here, we report two straightforward routes toward hierarchically structured porous carbon monoliths with an anisotropic alignment of the microstructure on the level of macro- and mesopores. One approach is based on nanocasting (NC) of carbon precursors into hierarchical and anisotropic silica hard templates. The second route, a direct synthesis approach based on soft templating (ST), makes use of the flexibility of hierarchically structured resorcinol-formaldehyde gels, which are compressed and simultaneously carbonized in the deformed state. We present structural data of both types of carbon monoliths obtained by electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis, and SAXS measurements. In addition, we demonstrate how the degree of anisotropy can easily be controlled via the ST route.