Advances in biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants. 2020

Lu Yao, and Jun Lu, and Juan Wang, and Wen-Yuan Gao
Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.

In recent years, biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants has been widely studied because of their active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Various oxidosqualene cyclases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and transcription factors related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis have been explored and identified. In the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins, the progress of gene mining by omics-based sequencing, gene screening, gene function verification, catalyzing mechanism of key enzymes and gene regulation are summarized and discussed. By the progress of the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenoid saponins, the large-scale production of some triterpenoid saponins and aglycones has been achieved through plant tissue culture, transgenic plants and engineered yeast cells. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and structural diversity limit the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in different system. Special focus can further be placed on the systematic botany information of medicinal plants obtained from omics large dataset, and triterpenoid saponins produced by synthetic biology strategies, gene mutations and gene editing technology.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D010946 Plants, Medicinal Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals. Herbs, Medicinal,Medicinal Herbs,Healing Plants,Medicinal Plants,Pharmaceutical Plants,Healing Plant,Herb, Medicinal,Medicinal Herb,Medicinal Plant,Pharmaceutical Plant,Plant, Healing,Plant, Medicinal,Plant, Pharmaceutical,Plants, Healing,Plants, Pharmaceutical
D003577 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism. Cytochrome P-450,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme,Cytochrome P-450-Dependent Monooxygenase,P-450 Enzyme,P450 Enzyme,CYP450 Family,CYP450 Superfamily,Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P-450 Families,Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P-450 Oxygenase,Cytochrome P-450 Superfamily,Cytochrome P450,Cytochrome P450 Superfamily,Cytochrome p450 Families,P-450 Enzymes,P450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P 450,Cytochrome P 450 Dependent Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Enzyme,Cytochrome P 450 Enzyme System,Cytochrome P 450 Enzymes,Cytochrome P 450 Families,Cytochrome P 450 Monooxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Oxygenase,Cytochrome P 450 Superfamily,Enzyme, Cytochrome P-450,Enzyme, P-450,Enzyme, P450,Enzymes, Cytochrome P-450,Enzymes, P-450,Enzymes, P450,Monooxygenase, Cytochrome P-450,Monooxygenase, Cytochrome P-450-Dependent,P 450 Enzyme,P 450 Enzymes,P-450 Enzyme, Cytochrome,P-450 Enzymes, Cytochrome,Superfamily, CYP450,Superfamily, Cytochrome P-450,Superfamily, Cytochrome P450
D012503 Saponins A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycone moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Saponin
D014157 Transcription Factors Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. Transcription Factor,Factor, Transcription,Factors, Transcription
D014315 Triterpenes A class of terpenes (the general formula C30H48) formed by the condensation of six isoprene units, equivalent to three terpene units. Triterpene,Triterpenoid,Triterpenoids
D014453 Glucuronosyltransferase A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. Glucuronyltransferase,UDP Glucuronosyltransferase,17 beta-Hydroxysteroid UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase,4-Nitrophenol-UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase,7-Hydroxycoumarin UDP Glucuronyltransferase,Androsterone UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase,Bilirubin UDP-Glucuronyltransferase,Estrogen UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase,Estrone Glucuronyltransferase,Glucuronic Transferase,Morphine Glucuronyltransferase,UDP Glucuronyl Transferase,UDP-Glucuronic Acid 3-O-beta-D-Galactosyl-D-Galactose Glucuronosyltransferase,p-Nitrophenyl UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase,17 beta Hydroxysteroid UDP Glucuronosyltransferase,4 Nitrophenol UDP Glucuronosyltransferase,7 Hydroxycoumarin UDP Glucuronyltransferase,Androsterone UDP Glucuronosyltransferase,Bilirubin UDP Glucuronyltransferase,Estrogen UDP Glucuronosyltransferase,Glucuronosyltransferase, UDP,Glucuronyl Transferase, UDP,Glucuronyltransferase, 7-Hydroxycoumarin UDP,Glucuronyltransferase, Estrone,Glucuronyltransferase, Morphine,Transferase, Glucuronic,Transferase, UDP Glucuronyl,UDP Glucuronic Acid 3 O beta D Galactosyl D Galactose Glucuronosyltransferase,UDP Glucuronyltransferase, 7-Hydroxycoumarin,UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, 17 beta-Hydroxysteroid,UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, Androsterone,UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, Estrogen,UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase, p-Nitrophenyl,UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, Bilirubin,p Nitrophenyl UDP Glucuronosyltransferase
D014530 Uridine Diphosphate A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. UDP,Uridine Pyrophosphate,Diphosphate, Uridine,Pyrophosphate, Uridine
D015394 Molecular Structure The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. Structure, Molecular,Molecular Structures,Structures, Molecular
D053898 Biosynthetic Pathways Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds. Biosynthetic Pathway,Pathway, Biosynthetic,Pathways, Biosynthetic
D018506 Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants. Plant Gene Expression Regulation,Regulation of Gene Expression, Plant,Regulation, Gene Expression, Plant

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