Attempts to reach a tissue diagnosis of breast masses by the use of X-rays (mammography) proved unsuccessful and, as a consequence, the popularity of the method waned. A more natural and less radical surgical approach to the treatment of breast cancer, coupled with statistical evidence that more favourable results were obtained in early cases (stage I and II) resulted in mammography, which is one of the known methods of detecting early lesions, regaining some of its lost status. Screening programmes of asymptomatic well women by mammography in an attempt to detect early breast lesions has been instituted in many countries and the early results (5 years) have been promising. Newer techniques, including the use of special film screen combinations, microfocus tubes with enlargement techniques and grid carbonfilter cassettes, have all contributed to the improvement in diagnostic accuracy. These advances and the place of mass screening programmes in attempts to control this disease are discussed.