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Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum accumulate significantly less chloroquine than susceptible parasites, and this is thought to be the basis of their resistance. However, the reason for the lower accumulation of chloroquine was unknown. The resistant parasite has now been found to release chloroquine 40 to 50 times more rapidly than the susceptible parasite, although their initial rates of chloroquine accumulation are the same. Verapamil and two other calcium channel blockers, as well as vinblastine and daunomycin, each slowed the release and increased the accumulation of chloroquine by resistant (but not susceptible) Plasmodium falciparum. These results suggest that a higher rate of chloroquine release explains the lower chloroquine accumulation, and thus the resistance observed in resistant Plasmodium falciparum.
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
November 2010,
PloS one,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
May 1961,
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
January 1972,
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D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
January 1993,
Pharmacology & therapeutics,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
September 1983,
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
August 2003,
Biochemistry,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
January 1973,
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
January 2000,
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
August 1987,
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D J Krogstad, and
I Y Gluzman, and
D E Kyle, and
A M Oduola, and
S K Martin, and
W K Milhous, and
P H Schlesinger
October 2011,
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
